Performance and application of the APSIM Nwheat model in the Netherlands |
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| Institution: | 1. CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag PO, Wembley, WA 6014, Australia;2. DLO-Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility (AB-DLO), PO Box 14, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Australia;2. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia;3. The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), Australia;4. AgResearch, New Zealand;5. The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, New Zealand;6. CSIRO, Australia;7. Crop Production Systems in the Tropics, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany;8. Cropfacts Pty Ltd., Australia;9. Birchip Cropping Group, Australia;1. Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 20 Blichers Alle Tjele 8830, Denmark;2. Plant and Food Research, Lincoln Research Centre, New Zealand;3. Department of Plant enad Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, The Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, China;2. CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;3. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China;2. Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China;3. Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China;4. College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China;5. School of Agribusiness and Agriscience, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA |
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| Abstract: | APSIM Nwheat is a crop system simulation model, consisting of modules that incorporate aspects of soil water, nitrogen (N), crop residues, and crop growth and development. The model was applied to simulate above- and below-ground growth, grain yield, water and N uptake, and soil water and soil N of wheat crops in the Netherlands. Model outputs were compared with detailed measurements of field experiments from three locations with two different soil types. The experiments covered two seasons and a range of N-fertiliser applications. The overall APSIM Nwheat model simulations of soil mineral N, N uptake, shoot growth, phenology, kernels m?2, specific grain weight and grain N were acceptable. Grain yields (dry weight) and grain protein concentrations were well simulated with a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.8 t ha?1 and 1.6 protein%, respectively. Additionally, the model simulations were compared with grain yields from a long-term winter wheat experiment with different N applications, two additional N experiments and regional grain yield records. The model reproduced the general effects of N treatments on yields. Simulations showed a good consistency with the higher yields of the long-term experiment, but overpredicted the lower yields. Simulations and earlier regional yields differed, but they showed uniformity for the last decade.In a simulation experiment, the APSIM Nwheat model was used with historical weather data to study the relationship between rate and timing of N fertiliser and grain yield, grain protein and soil residual N. A median grain yield of 4.5 t ha?1 was achieved without applying fertiliser, utilising mineral soil N from previous seasons, from mineralisation and N deposition. Application of N fertiliser in February to increase soil mineral N to 140 kg N ha?1 improved the median yield to 7.8 t ha?1 but had little effect on grain protein concentration with a range of 8–10%. Nitrogen applications at tillering and the beginning of stem elongation further increased grain yield and in particular grain protein, but did not affect soil residual N, except in a year with low rainfall during stem elongation. A late N application at flag leaf stage increased grain protein content by several per cent. This increase had only a small effect on grain yield and did not increase soil residual N with up to 40 kg N ha?1 applied, except when N uptake was limited by low rainfall in the period after the flag leaf stage. The economic and environmental optima in winter wheat were identified with up to 140 kg N ha?1 in February, 90 kg N ha?1 between tillering and beginning of stem elongation and 40 kg N ha?1 at flag leaf stage resulting in a median of 8.5 t ha?1 grain yield, 14.0% grain protein and 13 kg N ha?1 soil residual N after the harvest. The maximum simulated yield with maximum N input from two locations in the Netherlands was 9.9 t ha?1. |
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