| 陕西省小农户作物生产的减肥潜力及经济效益评价 |
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| 引用本文： | 米晓田,石磊,何刚,王朝辉.陕西省小农户作物生产的减肥潜力及经济效益评价[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(20):4370-4384. |
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| 作者姓名： | 米晓田 石磊 何刚 王朝辉 |
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| 作者单位： | 1西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌 7121002陕西省耕地质量与农业环境保护工作站,西安 710003 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金(31902120);国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200408);青海省重大科技专项(2019-NK-A11-02);西北农林科技大学科研启动项目(2452018110) |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】小农户在农业生产中投入的生产资料普遍过高,随种植业结构演变,肥料投入也势必会发生变化。明确小农户经营模式下粮食、油料和经济作物的施肥现状和经济效益,能为小农户作物生产的养分管理、肥料减施和经济效益提高提供参考。【方法】2018年对陕西省的主要农作物生产情况进行问卷调查,以粮食（小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子、马铃薯）、油料（油菜、大豆）、经济（苹果、西红柿、烤烟）作物为研究对象,共获得1 709份调研问卷。基于此调研结果,以产量水平为分类依据,分析小农户的施肥现状、减肥潜力和经济效益。【结果】小麦、玉米、水稻、谷子和马铃薯的平均产量分别为4.6、7.3、8.3、3.7和19.8 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为177、247、186、255和209 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为102、103、88、142和125 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为37、47、64、53和110 kg K2O·hm-2。油菜和大豆的平均产量分别为2.4和2.7 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为156和99 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为80和63 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为56和26 kg K2O·hm-2。苹果、西红柿和烤烟的平均产量分别为23.8、93.5和2.7 t·hm-2,氮肥用量分别为731、471和108 kg N·hm-2,磷肥用量分别为482、387和118 kg P2O5·hm-2,钾肥用量分别为535、447和132 kg K2O·hm-2。对大多数作物,氮磷肥普遍过量施用、钾肥施用过量与不足并存。粮食作物氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为28%—60%、52%—66%和11%—51%。油料作物油菜可减少氮磷钾肥料用量33%、37%和46%,然而大豆需增加磷钾肥用量11%、28%。苹果和西红柿等高产经济作物的氮磷钾减肥潜力分别为41%—67%、65%—70%和49%—64%。烤烟生产需减少磷肥53%,然而中、高产农户氮肥施用不足,分别需增施22%、11%。复合肥和单质肥是作物氮素的主要来源,复合肥是作物磷钾的主要来源。氮以基施为主、追施为辅,磷钾肥几乎全部作为基肥一次施用,鲜有追施。粮食、油料和经济作物的平均净经济效益分别0.44×104—1.63×104、0.75×104—0.84×104和4.19×104—15.05×104元/hm2,肥料占总投入比例分别为31%—52%、57%—59%和48%—65%。苹果、西红柿等高产经济作物的净经济效益远高于粮食和油料作物,成为小农户经营者的首选。然而,在经济作物生产中过量的肥料施用产生了巨大的环境风险。【结论】低中产组小农户是化肥减量和收益提升的主要对象,苹果、西红柿等经济作物的净经济效益高,但单位面积施肥量大、减肥潜力大。值得注意的是,农作物生产中也存在施肥不足的现象,例如大豆和烤烟。由此可见,小农户作物生产的肥料管理变异大,提高小农户的肥料管理水平有利于增加作物产量和经济效益、助力农业可持续发展。
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| 关 键 词： | 农户行为 作物类型 养分管理 产量 经济效益 陕西省 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-11-23 |
Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province |
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| MI XiaoTian,SHI Lei,HE Gang,WANG ZhaoHui.Fertilizer Reduction Potential and Economic Benefits of Crop Production for Smallholder Farmers in Shaanxi Province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2021,54(20):4370-4384. |
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| Authors: | MI XiaoTian SHI Lei HE Gang WANG ZhaoHui |
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| Institution: | 1College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi2Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Shaanxi Province/Cultivated Land Quality and Agricultural Environmental Protection Station in Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710003 |
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| Abstract: | 【Objective】The material input of agriculture production is generally high for smallholder farmers, and the application rate of chemical fertilizers will change with the evolution of crop structure. Understanding the situation of nutrient input and economic benefits of smallholder to cereal crop, oil crop and cash crop could help guide scientific fertilization and improve economic benefits. 【Method】In 2018, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the production of major crops in Shaanxi Province. The cereal crop (wheat, maize, rice, millet, and potato), oil crop (canola and soybean), and cash crop (apple, tomato, and flue-cured tobacco) were considered as targeted crops, and a total of 1 709 questionnaires were obtained. Further, the fertilization status of smallholder, the potential of fertilizer reduction, and economic benefits according to yield level of different crops were evaluated. 【Result】For the production of wheat, maize, rice, millet, and potato, the mean yield was 4.6, 7.3, 8.3, 3.7, and 19.8 t·hm-2, respectively; the mean nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate was 177, 247, 186, 255, and 209 kg N·hm-2, respectively; the mean phosphate (P) fertilizer rate was 102, 103, 88, 142, and 125 kg P2O5·hm-2; mean potassium (K) fertilizer rate was 37, 47, 64, 53, and 110 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. For canola and soybean production, the mean yield was 2.4 and 2.7 t·hm-2, N fertilizer rate was 156 and 99 kg N·hm-2, P fertilizer rate was 80 and 63 kg P2O5·hm-2, K fertilizer rate was 56 and 26 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. For the production of apple, tomato, and tobacco, the mean yield was 23.8, 93.5, and 2.7 t·hm-2, respectively; N fertilizer rate was 731, 471, and 118 kg N·hm-2, P fertilizer rate was 482, 387, and 118 kg P2O5·hm-2, K fertilizer rate was 535, 447, and 132 kg K2O·hm-2, respectively. N and P fertilizers were usually over-applied, while both over-application and under-application of K fertilizer coexisted. The potential of N, P, K fertilizer reduction ranges from 28% to 60%, 52% to 66%, and 11% to 51% for cereal crop, 33%, 37% and 46% for canola, respectively. However, the application rate of P and K fertilizer needed to increase by 11% and 28% for soybean production, respectively. The potential of N, P, and K fertilizer reduction ranged from 41% to 67%, 65% to 70%, and 49% to 64% for apple and tomato production, respectively. For tobacco production, the application rate of P fertilizer could decrease by 53%, while the application rate of N fertilizer needed to increase by 22% and 11% for farmers with medium and high-yielding, respectively. The source of N was mainly compound fertilizers and urea, and the sources of P and K were mainly compound fertilizers. For the way of chemical fertilizer application, most of N fertilizer was applied as basal fertilizer, and a small part was supplemented by topdressing, while almost all P and K fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizer. For cereal crop, oil crop, and cash crop, the cost of fertilizer application accounted for 31%-52%, 57%-59% and 48%-65% of total input, respectively, and the net economic benefit ranged from 0.44×104to 1.63×104, 0.75×104to 0.84×104, and 4.19×104 to 15.05×104yuan/hm2, respectively. Because the net economic benefit of high-yielding in cash crop, e.g., apple and tomato, was higher than that of cereal crop and oil crop, smallholder farmers were more inclined to grow them. However, the substantial application of chemical fertilizer in cash crop production brought great environmental risks. 【Conclusion】The main target of fertilizer reduction and benefit improvement was smallholder with low and middle-yielding level. Compared with cereal crop and oil crop, the economic benefit of cash crop, especially for apple and tomato, was higher, while their potential of fertilizer reduction was also higher due to substantial application of chemical fertilizer. Notably, the result of the study also demonstrated that there was also insufficient application of fertilizer in crop production, e.g., soybean and tobacco. In conclusion, the fertilizer management of smallholder varied greatly. Improving the level of fertilizer management for smallholder was conducive to increasing both yield and economic benefits, and thus contributing to sustainable crop production. |
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| Keywords: | household behavior crop classification nutrients management yield economic benefit Shaanxi Province |
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