Unequal salt distribution in the root zone increases growth and yield of cotton |
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| Institution: | 1. Saint Petersburg State University, 79, Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation;2. V.V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Pyzhevsky lane, 7, Moscow, 109017, Russian Federation;1. Australian Cotton Research Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Locked Bag 1000, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia;2. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Plant and Food Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia;3. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Plant and Food Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;1. Division of Crop Improvement, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;2. Division of Field crops, Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar, India;1. University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Padua Dias Ave, 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;2. McGill University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald-Stewart Building, MS1-028, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;3. University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Ph.D. Program in Bioenergy, Interdisciplinary Center for Energy Planning, Brazil;1. College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China;2. Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Shihezi, China;3. Department of Geological Sciences, Center for Water Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, United States;4. Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;5. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Beijing, China;6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | Soil salinity is often heterogeneous, yet plant response to unequal salt distribution (USD) in the root zone is seldom studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of USD on growth and yield, as well as its potential application for increasing cotton production. To achieve this objective, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, potted cotton plants were grown in a split-root system in the greenhouse. Each root half was irrigated with either the same or two concentrations of NaCl. Plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll (Chl), photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), Na+ and K+ accumulation, as well as biological and economic yields were determined. In the second experiment, plants were grown in furrow-beds in saline fields with those grown on flat beds as controls. Root-zone salinity, yield and yield components and earliness (the percentage of the first two harvests to total harvests) were monitored. When the entire root system was exposed to the same concentration of NaCl, shoot dry weight, leaf area, plant biomass, leaf Chl, Pn and Tr were markedly reduced relative to the NaCl-free control at 2 weeks after salinity stress (WAS). Significant reductions in biological (23.6–73.8%) and economic yields (38.1–79.7%) were noticed at harvest. However, when only half of the root system was exposed to low-salinity, the inhibition effect of salinity on growth and yield was significantly reduced. Plant biomass and seed cotton yield were increased by 13 and 23.9% with 50/150 mM/mM NaCl, 40 and 44.5% with 100/300 mM/mM NaCl, and 85.7 and 127.8% with 100/500 mM/mM NaCl relative to their respective equal salt distribution (ESD) controls (100/100, 200/200, and 300/300). Unequal salt distribution also decreased concentrations of Na+ and increased leaf K+ and Chl content, K+/Na+ ratio, Pn and Tr, compared with ESD. Furrow-bed seeding induced unequal distribution of salts in the surface soil during the field experiment. Under furrow planting, soil salinity was much higher, but soil osmotic potential was much lower on the ridged part than the furrows. Yield and earliness were increased 20.8 and 5.1% by furrow seeding relative to flat seeding. These enhancements were mainly attributed to unequal distribution of salts in the root zone. Thus, specific cultural practices that induce unequal salt distribution such as furrow-bed seeding can be used to improve cotton production in saline fields. |
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