Water use efficiency of winter-sown chickpea under supplemental irrigation in a mediterranean environment |
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| Institution: | 1. INRAE, UMR AGIR, Castanet Tolosan, France;2. Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland;3. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;4. ARVALIS - Institut du végétal Paris, France;5. Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;6. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States;7. INRAE, UMR 1114 EMMAH, Avignon, France;8. School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK;9. Plant Sciences & TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium;10. Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Italy;11. Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Germany;12. Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Biogeophysics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany;13. Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland;14. Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands;15. Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States;p. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;q. Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden;r. Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada;s. CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, Montpellier, France;t. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany;u. Global Change Research Institute CAS, Brno, Czech Republic;v. INRAE, US 1116 AgroClim, Avignon, France;w. Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden;x. Hillridge Technology Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia;y. CNR-IBE, Firenze, Italy;z. Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark;11. Grass and Forage Science / Organic Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany;12. Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany;13. Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Chair of Hydrology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;14. National Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT), Agronomy Laboratory, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia;15. National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia;16. Institute of Bio- and Geosciences - IBG-3, Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany;17. Lincoln Agritech Ltd., Hamilton, New Zealand;18. National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;1. Institute for Research and Development (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France;2. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Crop Physiology Laboratory, Patancheru, Telangana, India;3. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Debre Zeit Research Center, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia;4. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia;5. Mycology and Mycotoxicology Research Institute (UNRC-CONICET), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;6. Crop Science Lab., Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;7. School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia;8. South Australian R&D Institute, and The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Chickpea is one of the major legume crops grown in the West Asia and North Africa (WANA) region. It has considerable importance as a food, feed and fodder. Traditionally, it is sown in spring as a rainfed crop in the region, which has highly variable and often insufficient rainfall. It is, therefore, largely raised on residual moisture, which results in low and variable yields and discourages farmers from investing inputs in its production. In the early 1990s, a winter-sown chickpea technology was developed that outweighs spring-sown chickpea in terms of productivity, water use efficiency and other traits. Limited supplemental irrigation can, however, play a major role in boosting and stabilizing the productivity of both spring-sown and winter-sown chickpea. Therefore, we investigated the effect of supplemental irrigation and sowing date on yield and water use efficiency in winter-sown chickpea.An experiment was carried out over four cropping seasons (1997–2001) at ICARDA’s main station at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, northern Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm). A cold-tolerant chickpea cultivar with improved resistance to ascochyta blight (ILC 3279, released as Ghab 2 in Syria) was grown in rotation with wheat. The experiment included three sowing dates (late November, mid-January, and late February) and four levels of supplemental irrigation (SI): full SI, 2/3 SI, 1/3 SI, and no SI, i.e. rainfed. The plots were replicated three times in a split-plot design, with date of sowing being the main plot treatment. Soil water content was monitored at approximately at 7–14-day intervals using a neutron probe. Crop evapotranspiration was determined for each subplot during each time interval, from sowing to harvest, using the soil-water balance equation. Water use efficiency was determined as the ratio of crop yield per unit area to seasonal evapotranspiration.The results showed that chickpea yield per unit area increases with both earlier sowing and increased SI. However, water use efficiency under supplemental irrigation decreases with earlier sowing, due to the relatively large increase that occurs in the amount of evapotranspiration at early sowing dates. The study’s results indicated that a 2/3 SI level gives the optimum water use efficiency for chickpea under supplemental irrigation. Under rainfed conditions, however, it was found that sowing chickpea around mid-January resulted in the highest WUE. The analysis also proposed a function, based on regression, which relates winter-sown chickpea yield to water use and which is applicable under both supplemental and rainfed conditions. |
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