Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block in horses: a cadaver study |
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| Authors: | Oscar Bautista Díaz Delgado Luis Filipe Louro Guido Rocchigiani Ranieri Verin William Humphreys Mark Senior Ivo Campagna |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;2. Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK;3. Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy;4. Department of Equine Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesTo describe dye distribution and spinal nerve involvement after a simulated erector spinae plane (ESP) block performed on fresh equine cadavers.Study designExperimental cadaver study.AnimalsA group of 11 adult equine cadavers.MethodsThe spinal region surrounding the sixteenth thoracic vertebra (Th16) of one cadaver was removed and underwent magnetic resonance imaging. In 10 adult equine cadavers body weight, 549 ± 58 kg (mean ± standard deviation)], 0.2 mL kg–1 of a 50:1 2% lidocaine/dye solution was injected bilaterally (n = 20 injections) into the fascial plane between the transverse process of Th16 and the erector spinae muscles. An in-plane ultrasound-guided technique with a convex transducer was used to guide injection. Dissection was performed immediately following injection. The craniocaudal and lateral extent of dye distribution was measured (cm) and the number of vertebral bodies involved were counted (n = 20). Abdominal and thoracic cavities as well as the epidural space were also examined for presence of dye (yes/no) (n = 20). Further dissection was performed to evaluate if staining of the dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves and sympathetic chain occurred (n = 14).ResultsThe thoracolumbar fascia was stained in 17/20 (85%) injections and three injections terminated intramuscularly. Multisegmental staining of the dorsal rami was observed in the 14 injections in which staining was evaluated. Ventral rami staining was observed in 3/14 injections where staining was evaluated. Epidural migration was observed in 4/20 (20%) injections. No evidence of dye was found in the thoracic and abdominal cavities or on the sympathetic chain.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe ESP block may prove beneficial to desensitize structures innervated by the dorsal rami of the thoracic spinal nerves. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate complications caused by epidural contamination. |
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| Keywords: | back pain dorsal root equine nerve block regional anaesthesia spinal nerves |
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