| 光合有效辐射及其传感器研究进展 |
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| 引用本文： | 孙刚,刘慧,李丽,高帅,张全军,黄文江,刘良云,柳钦火.光合有效辐射及其传感器研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2023,39(8):20-31. |
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| 作者姓名： | 孙刚 刘慧 李丽 高帅 张全军 黄文江 刘良云 柳钦火 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，遥感科学国家重点实验室，北京 100101；;2. 中国计量科学研究院，北京 100044；;3. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所，中国科学院生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室，北京 100101；;4. 中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，中国科学院数字地球重点实验室，北京 100094 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金资助项目（42171377） |
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| 摘 要： | 植物利用约400～700 nm波段的光驱动光合作用，但不同波长的光驱动效率不相同，而且随着植物类型及生长阶段的不同而变化。因此，准确获取被植物捕获并用于驱动光合作用的光辐射成为困扰科学家的难题。当前，光量子传感器被普遍接受并用于评价光合作用潜力，可测量400～700 nm波段的光量子通量密度或光量子通量，其光谱响应函数为直线。该文回顾了经典光合有效辐射（photosynthetically active radiation，PAR）定义的形成过程，介绍了PAR传感器的演化路径，讨论了PAR及其传感器的应用现状。由于测量对象及应用环境的多样化，PAR的定义仍然没有完全统一，且早期研究对光谱响应函数的度量不充分。随着当前人工光照明与植物生长发育相关研究的深入，发现植物光合作用吸收的光波长范围比400～700 nm要宽，不同的光谱能量分布（波长配比，能量配比）、光周期等对光合作用影响显著，并且很难将光辐射对光合作用的影响和光形态效应区分开，因此PAR的定义及其传感器的研发仍处于不断发展中。理想的PAR应该从植物光合作用的角度来定义，未来PAR传感器的光谱响应函数应与植物光合作用的能力曲线相一致，并能依据测量对象及应用需求而调整。与此相适应，未来PAR传感器应向用户可对光谱响应函数编程的方向发展。
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| 关 键 词： | 遥感 传感器 光合作用 光合有效辐射 光子通量密度 PAR |
| 收稿时间： | 2023/1/16 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2023/3/6 0:00:00 |
Definition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and its development progress |
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| SUN Gang,LIU Hui,LI Li,GAO Shuai,ZHANG Quanjun,HUANG Wenjiang,LIU Liangyun,LIU Qinhuo.Definition of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and its development progress[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2023,39(8):20-31. |
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| Authors: | SUN Gang LIU Hui LI Li GAO Shuai ZHANG Quanjun HUANG Wenjiang LIU Liangyun LIU Qinhuo |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;;2. National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;;3. Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;;4. Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China |
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| Abstract: | Abstract: Photosynthesis is one of the most important physiological activities of plant individuals. Green plants use light to drive photosynthesis in the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) can be used to measure the photosynthetic potential in plant individuals or ecosystems. Therefore, the PAR is one of the bridges to link physiology and ecology. However, there is the varying efficiency of different plants using light in this range, particularly with the different plant types and growth stages. As a result, it is a high demand to accurately measure the portion of light radiation for better photosynthesis. Much effort has been made in the fields of ecology, agronomy, meteorology, and remote sensing over the years, including the different definitions and experiments. A series of sensors have been developed, where the PAR sensors have been generally accepted to evaluate photosynthesis. These sensors can be used to measure some parameters, such as the photosynthetic photon flux or its density in the 400 to 700 nm wavelength range. There is a flat and straight line in the spectral response function of these sensors. In this review, the formation of the PAR definition was introduced for the evolution of the PAR sensor. Various technologies were used to correct the original spectral response function of photodetectors, including filtering, and transmittance correction. The spectral response function of the sensor was close to the ideal PAR one. The current optical quantum sensor still shared a wide range of applications for the comparison benchmark with a small error. But it was lacking to perfectly measure the photosynthetic effective radiation. Earlier studies cannot fully quantify the spectral response of photosynthesis under either photometric or radiant units nearly five decades ago. The definition of PAR also failed to completely unify into the spectral response function of PAR measurement sensors in recent years, due to the diversity of applications. Alternatively, the MCCREE curve was considered the standard for the spectral response of photosynthesis. Nevertheless, some challenges remained in the new experimental design and differences between individual photosynthetic and whole-plant growth responses. The MCCREE curve was also replicated with LED lighting and optical filters. However, challenges occurred with the wavelength selection and the higher light intensity levels. A comprehensive spectral response of photosynthesis analysis was required for the different green plants with better controllability over the wavelength, full width at half maximums (FWHM), and higher light intensity. In particular, the wavelength range absorbed by plants was wider than 400 to 700 nm for artificial light illumination and plant growth. There were significant effects of different spectral energy distributions (wavelength and energy ratio) and photoperiods on photosynthesis. It is a high demand to distinguish the effects of these factors on photosynthesis, in terms of plant morphology. As a result, the definition of PAR is still on the way for the development of measuring instruments. Ideally, the definition of PAR should be proposed from the perspective of plant photosynthesis. The spectral response function curve of the sensor should be consistent with the capacity curve of plant photosynthesis. The future trend of the PAR sensor is to program the spectral response function. PAR estimation can be realized at the regional and global scales using remote sensing. Large-scale PAR products can be developed to significantly promote the global carbon cycle and remote sensing. |
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| Keywords: | remote sensing sensor photosynthesis photosynthetically active radiation photosynthetic photon flux density PAR |
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