SRI as a methodology for raising crop and water productivity: productive adaptations in rice agronomy and irrigation water management |
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| Authors: | Norman Uphoff Amir Kassam Richard Harwood |
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| Institution: | (1) Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development, Cornell University, Warren Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;(2) School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK;(3) Professor Emeritus, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1038, USA |
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| Abstract: | The System of Rice Intensification (SRI), developed in Madagascar almost 30 years ago, modifies certain practices for managing
plants, soil, water, and nutrients with the effect of raising the productivity of the land, labor, and capital devoted to
rice production. Certain production inputs are reduced—seeds, inorganic fertilizer, water, and fuel where water is pumped—with
increased yield as a result. This paper introduces the subject of SRI, which is then addressed variously in the articles that
follow. SRI is gaining interest and application in over 40 countries around the world. Its practices make soil conditions
more aerobic and promote greater root growth, as well as larger, more diverse communities of beneficial soil biota. These
below-ground changes support more productive phenotypes above-ground for practically all rice genotypes (cultivars) tested
so far, with supportive evidence accumulating both from scientific institutions and field applications. SRI methodology remains
controversial in some circles, however, because of the transformational change it introductions into traditional lowland rice
production systems. This issue of PAWE brings together the results of formal research on SRI in a number of countries (Part
I) and also reports on initiatives by government agencies, NGOs, universities, or the private sector, bringing knowledge of
SRI to farmers in a wide range of agroecological circumstances (Part II). This introduction presents the basic principles
that underlie SRI and discusses the nature of this innovation as well as considers some of the issues in contention. SRI continues
to evolve and expand, being a work in progress. Its concepts and methods are being extended also to upland (rainfed) rice
production, as well to other crops. Accordingly, SRI should not be regarded or evaluated in conventional terms as if it were
a typical component technology. It is understood more appropriately in terms of a paradigm shift for rice production. In particular,
it calls into question the long-standing belief that rice is best produced under continuously flooded conditions. |
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