| 秸秆还田方式对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响 |
| |
| 引用本文： | 李传友.秸秆还田方式对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(3):294-301. |
| |
| 作者姓名： | 李传友 |
| |
| 作者单位： | 北京市农业机械试验鉴定推广站 北京 100079 |
| |
| 基金项目： | 北京市科委科技项目(2013022083)资助 |
| |
| 摘 要： | 为探索一种能够充分发挥秸秆改良土壤结构和提高作物产量作用的秸秆还田措施, 通过2 a小区试验, 以传统的秸秆还田方式长秸秆(50 mm)覆盖或翻压还田, CK1、CK2]作为对照, 对比研究了粉碎、氨化秸秆以及与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合翻压施用措施对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 粉碎并氨化秸秆施入土壤后, 能显著(P<0.05)降低耕层(0~15 cm)土壤的容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 但对耕层以下土壤容重及孔隙度改善效果不明显; 氨化秸秆施入土壤后较未氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)增加0~15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量, 粉碎并氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)降低土壤团聚体分形维数, 提高0~15 cm土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径各项评价指标。此外, 冬小麦穗粒数、1 m2有效穗数、千粒重和地上部总干物质量与籽粒产量的相关系数分别为0.30(P>0.05)、0.76(P<0.01)、 0.89(P<0.01)和0.88(P<0.01), 提高冬小麦有效穗数或地上部总干物质量可能是增加作物产量的主要途径。粉碎并氨化秸秆还田较秸秆覆盖能显著(P<0.05)提高冬小麦有效穗数; 粉碎并氨化秸秆与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合施用措施提高冬小麦产量效果最为显著, 在冬小麦2个生长季比长秸秆覆盖还田(CK1)分别增产11.12%和17.84%, 比长秸秆翻压还田(CK2)分别增产7.39%和16.58%, 是本试验最佳秸秆还田方式。该研究成果可为干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施、提高作物产量提供理论依据。
|
| 关 键 词： | 秸秆还田方式 秸秆粉碎 秸秆氨化 无机土壤改良剂 土壤结构 小麦产量 |
Effects of straw return methods on soil structure and winter wheat yield |
| |
| LI Chuanyou.Effects of straw return methods on soil structure and winter wheat yield[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(3):294-301. |
| |
| Authors: | LI Chuanyou |
| |
| Institution: | Beijing Agricultural Machinery Technology Extension Station, Beijing 100079, China |
| |
| Abstract: | Crop straw is an important source of organic matter for agricultural production, returning straw to agricultural soil is an economic and feasible method of improving soil structure and crop yield. However, many problems still exist in utilizing straw resources, including slow decomposition of straw and competition between straw and crop for nitrogen in straw-applied fields. To explore an efficient method of returning straw into the soil, which can overcome the above problems and improve soil structure and crop yield, a two-year field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of smashed and ammoniated straw or blending with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) on farmland soil structure and winter wheat yield. The 2011 2013 field study used long straw (50 mm) mulching (CK1) and incorporation (CK2) as the control treatments. The means of straw application were respectively ammoniated 50 mm long straw incorporation (CN), ammoniated smashed straw (1 mm long) incorporation (FN), incorporation of ammoniated 50 mm long straw plus calcium sulfate (CNT), and incorporation of ammoniated smashed straw (1 mm long) plus calcium sulfate (FNT). The results showed that smashed-ammoniated straw significantly reduced (P < 0.05) soil bulk density in the 0 15 cm plough layer respectively by 6.30% and 7.03%, compared with CK1 and CK2. It also significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil porosity of the 0 15 cm plough layer. The effect on the soil below the plough layer was not obvious. Compared with non-ammoniated straw application, the ammoniated straw observably increased (P < 0.05) the content of soil aggregates >0.25 mm in the 0 15 cm soil layer. It also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) soil structure fractal dimension, improved soil mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD). This was beneficial as it improved soil structural stability. Correlation coefficients between grain number, efficient panicle number, 1000-grain weight, above-ground biomass and grain yield were respectively 0.30 (P > 0.05), 0.76 (P < 0.01), 0.89 (P < 0.01) and 0.88 (P < 0.01). Thus the increase in winter wheat efficient panicle or above-ground biomass was the main way of increase in grain yield. Smashed-ammoniated straw application, compared with long straw mulching, observably increased (P< 0.05) efficient panicle number of winter wheat. The effects of smashed-ammoniated straw application mixed with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) on winter wheat grain yield were most significant. Compared with CK1, smashed-ammoniated straw mixed with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate) improved winter wheat yield respectively by 11.12% and 17.84% in 2011 2012 and 2012 2013. Then compared with CK2, it improved winter wheat yield respectively by 7.39% and 16.58% in 2011 2012 and 2012 2013. This was the best straw application method in the experiment. In conclusion, the effects of smashed-ammoniated straw application on soil structure and crop yield were better than those of long straw mulching. This was especially obvious for smashed-ammoniated straw mixed with inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate). The above results provided the theoretical basis for the selection of more efficient straw return methods in order to improve soil structure and crop yield. |
| |
| Keywords: | Straw return method Smashed straw Ammoniated straw Inorganic soil amendment Soil structure Wheat yield |
|
| 点击此处可从《中国生态农业学报》浏览原始摘要信息 |
| 点击此处可从《中国生态农业学报》下载免费的PDF全文 |
|
