| 基于实际作业工况的拖拉机能效评价 |
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| 引用本文： | 侯秀宁,张学敏,徐静,徐培,黄胜操,申及,张重阳.基于实际作业工况的拖拉机能效评价[J].农业工程学报,2023,39(21):29-35. |
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| 作者姓名： | 侯秀宁 张学敏 徐静 徐培 黄胜操 申及 张重阳 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国农业大学工学院, 北京 100083;国家农机装备创新中心, 洛阳 471000 |
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| 基金项目： | 科技部创新方法工作专项（2016IM030200） |
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| 摘 要： | 为深入了解拖拉机实际作业的能效情况,该研究提出基于实际作业工况的拖拉机能效评价方法,对拖拉机整体能效进行全面度量。基于距离最短分区原理,通过K-means聚类与成对比较矩阵方法进行拖拉机发动机常用工况点提取;通过对186台162 kW的拖拉机能效分析,提出拖拉机能效等级划分标准,确定能效限值和各级能效比限值,并对不同作业环节的平均能效进行分析。研究结果显示:拖拉机发动机实际8工况点和ISO稳态8工况点区别较大;不同拖拉机能效差异较大,50%的拖拉机能效值分布在3.20～3.65 (kW·h)/kg区间;162 kW拖拉机实际能效合格限值为3.07 (kW·h)/kg;拖拉机不同作业环节的平均能效值差异大,旋耕作业的平均能效值最高,行走模式最低。研究结果可为发动机节能减排技术升级提供数据基础,也可为农机节能考核、与绿色化作业水平挂钩的应用补贴方法研究等提供参考。
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| 关 键 词： | 拖拉机 能效 实际作业工况 能效比限值 K-means |
| 收稿时间： | 2023/6/21 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2023/7/24 0:00:00 |
Evaluating the energy efficiency of tractors under actual operating conditions |
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| HOU Xiuning,ZHANG Xuemin,XU Jing,XU Pei,HUANG Shengcao,SHEN Ji,ZHANG Chongyang.Evaluating the energy efficiency of tractors under actual operating conditions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2023,39(21):29-35. |
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| Authors: | HOU Xiuning ZHANG Xuemin XU Jing XU Pei HUANG Shengcao SHEN Ji ZHANG Chongyang |
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| Institution: | College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;National Institute of Agro-machinery Innovation & Creation, Luoyang 471000, China |
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| Abstract: | Agricultural machinery is ever-increasingly either displacing or augmenting human labor with the development of the economy and technology. Among them, fuel efficiency has a significant impact on energy conservation and emission reduction, indicating high economic and social significance. Particularly, a tractor is one of the most typical agricultural machinery. In this study, the overall energy efficiency of tractors was evaluated under actual operating conditions. The performance of tractors was also measured comprehensively. The actual energy efficiency of tractors was clearly defined and calculated as well. The common operating points of tractor engines were extracted by K-means clustering and pairwise comparison matrix, according to the shortest distance partition. The energy efficiency of 186 162 kW tractors was analyzed to propose the classification standard using tractor energy efficiency. Energy efficiency limits and energy efficiency ratio limits were determined at all levels. The average energy efficiency was compared using different operating links. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the distribution and weight between the actual eight operating points and the ISO steady-state eight operating points. The main reason was that the ISO steady-state eight operating point was targeted at non-road diesel engines, covering a wide range of engine models, power, and applications. However, the actual eight operating points were more specific, and refined for the actual operating conditions of multiple 162 kW tractor engines. The error range of tractor energy efficiency was −0.483-0.487 kW·h/kg using two datasets of working conditions. Therefore, the energy efficiency calculation was necessary and meaningful using the actual eight working conditions. In addition, there was a significant difference in the tractor energy efficiency using actual operating conditions, where 50% of tractor energy efficiency values were distributed in the range of 3.20 to 3.65 kW·h/kg, with an average value of 3.42 kW·h/kg. This difference was attributed to the driving habits of agricultural machinery operators, the tractor maintenance and repair levels, as well as the tractor age, resulting in the varying degrees of reduction in engine performance indicators. Then, the grading was constructed using the tractor energy efficiency, where 3.07 kW·h/kg was determined as the qualification limit of actual energy efficiency in the tractor. The limit values were also determined for the tractor energy efficiency ratio for levels 1-4. As such, the classification of energy efficiency levels was achieved for tractors. There was a significant variation in the average energy efficiency at different operation stages of each tractor. The rotary tillage mode presented the highest value of average energy efficiency, whereas, the walking mode was the lowest. The trend was attributed to the different engine loads of tractors at different operating stages. Therefore, there was great potential for the real-world energy efficiency performance of tractors from a user perspective. The actual operating performance of tractors was explored to establish an evaluation system applicable to the energy efficiency performance of tractors in the real world. The findings can provide the basic data for energy-saving and emission reduction in tractor engines. A strong reference can also offer to assess the energy efficiency of agricultural machinery on application subsidy suitable for the level of green operation. |
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| Keywords: | tractor energy efficiency actual operating conditions energy efficiency ratio limit K-means |
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