Goat horns: Platforms for viroid transmission to fruit trees? |
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| Authors: | Oded Cohen Ozgur Batuman Yoni Moskowits Alexander Rozov Elisha Gootwine Munir Mawassi Moshe Bar-Joseph |
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| Institution: | (1) Dept. of Virology, The S. Tolkowsky Laboratory, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel;(2) Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Mechanical inoculations with contaminating tools and propagation of infected budwood were considered the main causes for the
omnipresence of multiple viroid species among citrus and other Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fruit trees and grapevines.
However, neither means could explain viroid infections of wild trees — scattered on terrains inaccessible to humans — nor
the finding of similar viroids among graft-incompatible plants. Northern hybridization of RNA extracts made of scrapings from
the surfaces of goat (Capra hircus) horns that were rubbed against etrog (Citrus medica) stems infected with a citrus viroids complex, revealed accumulation of considerable amounts ofCitrus exocortis viroids (CEVd) andHop stunt viroids (HSVd). Experimental transmission of both CEVd and HSVd was obtained by rubbing healthy citrus plants with goat horns that
had been rubbed 24 h earlier on infected etrog stems. These results implicate goats as possible vectors of viroids. Transmissionvia goats could have facilitated the long-range spread of viroids among cultivated and wild plants andvice versa and also among graft-incompatible plants. |
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| Keywords: | Goats plants pathogens diseases multiple infections coevolution diagnosis |
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