| 畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液农用之环境安全风险 |
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| 引用本文： | 王小彬,闫湘,李秀英.畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液农用之环境安全风险[J].中国农业科学,2021,54(1):110-139. |
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| 作者姓名： | 王小彬 闫湘 李秀英 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京 100081 |
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| 基金项目： | 农业部肥料登记专项(2130109);农业部肥料登记专项(2130109) |
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| 摘 要： | 畜禽粪污沼液是以畜禽粪污为主要原料,经厌氧发酵产生沼气后的残留液。中国沼气工程建设始于20世纪70年代,随着畜禽养殖业的发展和畜禽粪污厌氧消化技术的推广,畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液的产生量随之增大。畜禽粪污沼液属于污水的一种,畜禽粪污厌氧发酵沼液的安全消纳或治理已成为当前中国农业源废弃物污染防治必须要面对和解决的问题。目前,中国畜禽粪污沼液还田消纳作为一种沼液处理的主要方式,即沼液未经过无害化处理而直接还田。然而,由于畜禽粪污中多种有害物质（包括重金属和抗生素类污染物）可在沼液中残留,且大多存在不同程度超出国家水质安全标准,危害农田生态环境安全。本文收集了最近十几年来公开发表的大量文献中的研究数据,分析了猪、牛、鸡饲料和粪污中重金属等污染元素和抗生素的含量,评估了粪污沼液还田对土壤质量、农田水环境和农产品安全的影响。研究结果显示,（1）畜禽粪污沼液存在水质严重超标。如畜禽粪污沼液中检出Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Cl大多超出国家《农田灌溉水质标准》（GB 5084—2005）;且超出国家《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848-2017）IV-V类水质标准。此外,畜禽粪污沼液中还检出多种抗生素残留,其中以四环素类较其他类抗生素浓度为高,且高出欧盟医药产品评估局（EMEA）规定的水环境抗生素阈值（10 ng·L-1）。（2）畜禽粪污沼液农用存在农地污染风险。如施用沼液的土壤中检出Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Cr、Cu和Zn等均有不同程度超出国家《土壤环境质量—农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》（GB 15618—2018）中农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。另有研究报道,连续6年施用沼液的土壤中检出多种抗生素类兽药残留,其中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素残留量最高（分别约为3.9和14.3 mg·kg-1）,已超过国际兽药协调委员会（VICH）规定的土壤中抗生素残留允许限量（0.1 mg·kg-1）。（3）畜禽粪污沼液农用存在农产品安全风险。如施用沼液的作物中检出多种污染物（如蔬菜中Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr、Zn、As和粮食作物中Zn、As等）累积量存在不同程度超出国家《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》（GB/T 18406.1—2001）和《食品中污染物限量》（GB 2762—2017）。鉴于当前畜禽粪污沼液不达标还田利用存在环境安全风险,以致农产品中多种污染物超标,可能对人类健康产生危害,沼液的无害化处理使其达标还田对于确保土壤、水体及农产品安全势在必行。为此,加强沼液中多种污染物的协同去除处理技术的研发和应用,对于确保沼液资源化安全利用具有实际意义。
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| 关 键 词： | 农业废弃物 环境安全风险 土壤污染 畜禽粪污沼液 重金属 抗生素 农业废弃物 环境安全风险 土壤污染 畜禽粪污沼液 重金属 抗生素 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-01-20 |
Environmental Safety Risk for Application of Anaerobic Fermentation Biogas Slurry from Livestock Manure in Agricultural Land in China |
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| WANG XiaoBin,YAN Xiang,LI XiuYing.Environmental Safety Risk for Application of Anaerobic Fermentation Biogas Slurry from Livestock Manure in Agricultural Land in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2021,54(1):110-139. |
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| Authors: | WANG XiaoBin YAN Xiang LI XiuYing |
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| Institution: | Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081 |
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| Abstract: | The biogas slurry (BS) is a kind of residue liquid of biogas produced by anaerobic fermentation with livestock and poultry manure as the main raw materials. The biogas project in China began in the 1970s. With the development of livestock and poultry farming, and anaerobic digestion technology of livestock manure, the production of anaerobic fermentation BS from livestock manure has greatly increased. The BS from livestock and poultry manure is also a kind of sewage, thus its safe disposal or treatment has become an issue that must be faced and solved to prevent from environmental pollution resulted from agricultural waste in China. At present, the BS has been mainly returned to agricultural land directly without any harmless treatment, as a main disposal method of BS. However, several harmful pollutants (including heavy metals and antibiotics) in livestock manure can still remain in the BS in the process of anaerobic fermentation, and to some extent, even exceed the limits of national water quality standards, endangering farmland ecological environment safety. In this paper, a large number of research data published in the last decade were collected, and the concentrations of heavy metals and antibiotics in animal feeds and manure (including pig, cattle, and chicken) were analyzed, and the impacts of the BS returned into the farmlands on soil quality, water environment and agricultural product safety were evaluated. The research results were showed as follows. (1) The BS was at a risk of seriously exceeding the limits for water quality standard. For example, the concentrations of pollutants (including Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Cl) detected in BS mostly exceeded the limits of the Standards for Irrigation Water Quality (GB 5084—2005), and exceeded the limits (Class IV-V) of the Standards for Groundwater Quality (GB/T 14848—2017). In addition, several antibiotic residues were detected in BS, in which tetracycline antibiotics were higher than other antibiotics, exceeded the threshold value for water quality (10 ng·L-1) set by European Medicines Agency (EMEA). (2) The BS was at a risk of agricultural land pollution. For example, the concentrations of pollutants (including Cd, As, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn) detected in the soils applied with BS exceeded the Risk Screening Values for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land in the Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (GB 15618—2018). In addition, it was reported that several antibiotic residues (such as tetracyclines and quinolones, with the concentration of 3.9 and 14.3 mg·kg-1, respectively) were detected in the soils applied with BS for 6 years, exceeding the allowable limit of soil antibiotic residues (0.1 mg·kg-1) stipulated by the Steering Committee of the Veterinary International Committee on Harmonization (VICH). (3) The BS was at a safety risk of agricultural products. As some field experiments reported, several pollutants detected in crops applied with BS (such as Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn and As in vegetables) exceeded the Safety Qualification for Agricultural Product-Safety Requirements for Non-environmental Pollution Vegetable (GB/T 18406.1—2001), and Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Food (GB 2762—2017). The results indicated that because the rates of BS in agricultural land were usually high, a large amount of BS directly used into farmlands by waste disposal method might lead to the risk of excessive pollutants accumulated in the soils, even exceeding GB 15618—2018 limits in a short term. In order to ensure the safety of soil, water and agricultural products, it is imperative to make pre-treatments for removal of pollutants (including heavy metals and antibiotics) in BS, not exceeding the limit standards for BS returning in farmlands. Therefore, the further research and application on BS treatment technologies for removal of heavy metal and antibiotic pollutants are still needed to strengthen to ensure BS safe utilization in agricultural land. |
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| Keywords: | agricultural waste environmental safety risk soil pollution biogas slurry from livestock manure heavy metals antibiotics agricultural waste environmental safety risk soil pollution biogas slurry from livestock manure heavy metals antibiotics |
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