| 基肥结合抽穗期追肥稳定稻麦产量并提高氮肥利用率及经济效益 |
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| 引用本文： | 宁运旺,张辉,王磊,许仙菊,汪吉东,马洪波,朱德进,黄卉,王少华,马朝红,张永春.基肥结合抽穗期追肥稳定稻麦产量并提高氮肥利用率及经济效益[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2020,26(8):1407-1419. |
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| 作者姓名： | 宁运旺 张辉 王磊 许仙菊 汪吉东 马洪波 朱德进 黄卉 王少华 马朝红 张永春 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部江苏耕地保育科学观测实验站，江苏南京 210014 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0201306，2016YFD0200800，2018YFD0200500)。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】 普遍认为，相同施肥量下增加施肥次数有利于提高肥料利用率，但施肥次数偏多已成为江苏稻麦化肥过量投入的主要因素。一次施肥仍存在争议，基肥结合分蘖期追肥的两次施肥也会导致水稻生长后期养分供应不足，明确基肥结合抽穗期追肥的两次施肥效果对稻麦化肥减量具重要意义。 【方法】 2016—2019年开展稻麦轮作田间定位试验，分析产量和产量组成、氮肥累积效率和氮素累积盈余。定位试验为完全随机区组设计、4次重复，设不施氮 (CK)、习惯施肥 (CF)、推荐施肥 (相对于CF处理水稻减氮18.2%、小麦减氮22.2%，RF) 和推荐施氮量下基施4种类型氮肥(尿素U、硫包膜尿素SCU、聚合物包膜尿素PCU和尿素添加5%双氰胺NIU)结合抽穗期追肥 (BH) 两次施肥 ，共7个处理。2018—2019年，使用以普通尿素为氮源的改良配方肥 (IFF) 和含硝化抑制剂的稳定性复合肥 (SCF) 做基肥，进行稻麦两次施肥（BH）田间验证试验，以农户实际 (FP) 为对照比较施肥成本和种植效益。 【结果】 定位试验结果表明，与农户习惯 (CF) 比较，推荐施肥处理 (RF) 对稻麦产量均无显著影响；与推荐施肥比较，相同施氮量下基施不同类型氮肥结合抽穗期追肥的两次施肥处理对稻麦产量也无显著影响。施氮量减少可使稻麦氮肥累积效率显著增加、氮素累积盈余显著减少，而施肥次数减少对稻麦氮肥累积效率和氮素累积盈余均无显著影响。相同施氮量下基施不同类型氮肥结合抽穗期追肥两次施肥条件下，稻麦产量和氮肥效率均以含硝化抑制剂的尿素处理 (NIU-BH) 表现较好；小麦上使用聚合物包膜尿素处理 (PCU-BH) 效果不稳定。验证试验结果表明，基施改良配方肥两次施肥 (IFF-BH) 和基施稳定性复合肥两次施肥 (SCF-BH) 与农户实际比较，水稻可在施氮量减少18.2%～33.8%条件下使产量分别增加1.8%～4.5%和2.6%～6.1%，施肥成本分别减少1069～1538和473～1029元/hm2，净收益分别增加1950～2270和1168～2126元/hm2；小麦可在施氮量减少30.0%条件下使产量分别增加0.7%和9.7%，施肥成本分别减少1132和495元/hm2，净收益分别增加1387和2045元/hm2。 【结论】 在本研究条件下，定位试验和验证试验结果均表明，采用基肥加抽穗期追肥两次施肥，配合选择合适类型的肥料做基肥，可在施氮量减少18.2%～33.8%前提下稳定稻麦产量、提高氮肥效率和种植效益。
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| 关 键 词： | 水稻 小麦 化肥减量 两次施肥 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-11-06 |
Maintaining yields and improving nitrogen use efficiencies and economic benefits of rice and wheat by double fertilization of combining basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage |
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| NING Yun-wang,ZHANG Hui,WANG Lei,XU Xian-ju,WANG Ji-dong,MA Hong-bo,ZHU De-jin,HUANG Hui,WANG Shao-hua,MA Chao-hong,ZHANG Yong-chun.Maintaining yields and improving nitrogen use efficiencies and economic benefits of rice and wheat by double fertilization of combining basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2020,26(8):1407-1419. |
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| Authors: | NING Yun-wang ZHANG Hui WANG Lei XU Xian-ju WANG Ji-dong MA Hong-bo ZHU De-jin HUANG Hui WANG Shao-hua MA Chao-hong ZHANG Yong-chun |
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| Institution: | 1.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environmental, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Jiangsu), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】 It is generally believed that increasing fertilization times under the same dosage of fertilizer is conducive to improve fertilizer efficiencies, however, too frequent fertilization often leads to excessive fertilizer input in actual production of rice and wheat in Jiangsu. Single fertilization is still controversial, double fertilization pattern of basal dressing with top dressing at tillering stage has been found insufficient N supply during the late growth of rice. It is important to study the effects of fertilization pattern of basal dressing with top dressing at heading stage of rice and wheat, and the availability of reducing chemical fertilizer. 【Methods】 From 2016 to 2019, a positioning field experiment in rice-wheat rotation was conducted to investigate yield and yield components, cumulative nitrogen (N) efficiencies and surplus. The positioning experiment had seven treatments, including no N control (CK), conventional fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (compare with CF, nitrogen application rate was reduced by 18.2% in rice and by 22.2% in wheat, RF), and treatments using four types of nitrogen fertilizer as basal combined with topdressing at heading stage (BH) under the recommended N rate, including urea (U), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) and urea + 5% dicyandiamide (NIU). During 2018 to 2019, the BH fertilization pattern were applied in demonstration field experiment, in which, the basal applied N were from two compound fertilizers, improved formula fertilizer (IFF) using U as N source and stable compound fertilizer (SCF) containing nitrification inhibitor. The fertilization costs and planting benefits were compared to that of farmer’s practice (FP). 【Results】 According to the results of the positioning experiment, the RF had no significant effect on rice and wheat grain yields compared with CF, and the BH treatments of different N sources also had no effects on rice and wheat grain yields compared with RF. As the reduction of N amount, cumulative N efficiencies were significantly increased and the cumulative N surplus was significantly decreased. However, cumulative N efficiencies and N surplus were not affected by the reduction of fertilization times. Under the same N application rate of double fertilization of BH, NIU-BH had a better performance in rice and wheat, PCU-BH had a unstable performance in wheat. According to the results of the demonstration experiment, under the condition of 18.2%–33.8% N reduction in rice, the rice yields in IFF-BH and SCF-BH treatments were respectively increased by 1.8%–4.5% and 2.6%–6.1%, fertilization costs were respectively decreased by 1069–1538 yuan/hm2 and 473–1029 yuan/hm2, and the net incomes were respectively increased by 1950–2270 yuan/hm2 and 1168–2126 yuan/hm2. Under the condition of 30.0% N reduction in wheat, the wheat yield were respectively increased by 0.7% and 9.7%, fertilization costs were respectively decreased by 1132 yuan/hm2 and 495 yuan/hm2, and net incomes were respectively increased by 1387 yuan/hm2 and 2045 yuan/hm2. 【Conclusions】 Under the condition of this study, both positioning and demonstration experiments had proved that, the double fertilization method was available in keeping rice and wheat yields, improving N efficiencies and planting benefits under the premise of 18.2%–33.8% current N input through basal application with topdressing at heading stage and combining the selection of a suitable type of fertilizer as base fertilizer. |
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