| 天津市设施菜地施肥现状及减施潜力和对策 |
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| 引用本文： | 石生伟,刘衎,郭利娜,任天婧,李彤,刘云,段碧华,李玉娥.天津市设施菜地施肥现状及减施潜力和对策[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2020,26(6):1091-1105. |
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| 作者姓名： | 石生伟 刘衎 郭利娜 任天婧 李彤 刘云 段碧华 李玉娥 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.农业农村部华北都市农业重点实验室/北京农学院，北京 102206 |
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| 基金项目： | 大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目（DQGG0208-02）；北京市教委一般项目（SQKM201810020004）；北京市教委重点项目（KZ201910020024）。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】 设施菜地存在施肥量过大、肥料利用率低、环境污染等问题。通过对天津市设施菜地施肥现状调查，明确设施菜地施肥现状和存在问题，为制定科学合理的施肥方案提供依据。 【方法】 本研究对天津市193个设施蔬菜地块施肥现状展开调查，明确设施菜地施肥特征，估算肥料总养分和化肥养分减施潜力。 【结果】 天津市日光温室平均养分施用总量为N 775.6 kg/hm2、P2O5 715.5 kg/hm2和K2O 524.9 kg/hm2，显著大于塑料大棚对应养分平均施用总量N 670.9 kg/hm2、P2O5 584.5 kg/hm2和K2O 425.3 kg/hm2 (P < 0.05)。有机肥是设施菜地养分的主要来源，对日光温室和塑料大棚N、P2O5和K2O各自施用总量的贡献均超过50%。日光温室和塑料大棚中，化肥对磷 (P2O5) 施用量的贡献分别为44.2%和48.8%。从养分施用方法看，N、P2O5和K2O基施比例日光温室分别为79.4%、80.2%和73.5%，塑料大棚分别为70.2%、78.2%和67.4%，P2O5基施比例大于N和K2O。日光温室和塑料大棚平均养分施用比例 (N∶P2O5∶K2O) 分别为1.00∶0.92∶0.69和1.00∶0.87∶0.63。相比推荐施肥量，天津市设施蔬菜N和P2O5普遍施用过量，甘蓝和白菜K2O投入不足。设施菜地总养分 (N + P2O5 + K2O) 减施潜力在31.5%～65.0%，化肥养分减施潜力在22.4%～66.6%。 【结论】 天津市设施菜地养分以基施为主，其中化肥基施比例偏高，追肥养分比例过低，养分总量过量施用现象普遍。设施菜地基施化肥和追肥中P2O5比例偏高，养分结构不合理。主要设施蔬菜中，茄子、番茄和芹菜的N和P2O5施用总量远超过各自推荐施肥量，化肥养分减施潜力较大，是设施蔬菜肥料减施关注的重点。
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| 关 键 词： | 设施蔬菜 养分来源 氮磷钾比例 施肥方式 减肥潜力 |
| 收稿时间： | 2019-09-10 |
Fertilization status-quo in greenhouse vegetable production in Tianjin and the potential and countermeasures of fertilizer reduction |
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| SHI Sheng-wei,LIU Kan,GUO Li-na,REN Tian-jing,LI Tong,LIU Yun,DUAN Bi-hua,LI Yu-E.Fertilization status-quo in greenhouse vegetable production in Tianjin and the potential and countermeasures of fertilizer reduction[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2020,26(6):1091-1105. |
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| Authors: | SHI Sheng-wei LIU Kan GUO Li-na REN Tian-jing LI Tong LIU Yun DUAN Bi-hua LI Yu-E |
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| Institution: | 1.Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China/Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】 Low fertilizer utilization efficiency and environmental pollution, caused by excessive fertilization, are common in greenhouse vegetable production. We investigated the current fertilizer application rates in greenhouse vegetable fields in Tianjin, to provide some scientific and reasonable proposals for the efficient and environmental friendly fertilization. 【Methods】 We investigated the fertilizer application information in 193 greenhouse vegetable fields in Tianjin, and summarized the main nutrient sources, input rates and ways, and at last predicted the reducing potential of both total and chemical nutrient input in greenhouse vegetable fields. 【Results】 The average amounts of N, P2O5 and K2O input were 775.6 kg/hm2, 715.5 kg/hm2 and 524.9 kg/hm2 in solar greenhouses, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in plastic greenhouse (670.9 kg/hm2, 584.5 kg/hm2 and 425.3 kg/hm2). Of the total N, P2O5 and K2O input, more than half were from organic manures in both solar and plastic greenhouses. Chemical fertilizers contributed 44.2% of total P2O5 input in solar greenhouses and 48.8% in plastic greenhouse, respectively. Basal application was the main fertilization method in greenhouse vegetables, which accounted for 79.4% of total N, 80.2% of total P2O5 and 73.5% of total K2O input in solar greenhouses, and 70.2% of total N, 78.2% of total P2O5 and 67.4% of total K2O input in plastic greenhouses, respectively. The average ratios of N, P2O5 and K2O were 1∶0. 92∶0.69 in solar greenhouses and 1∶0.87∶0.63 in plastic greenhouses, respectively. Comparing with the recommended nutrient rate in vegetables, both current N and P2O5 inputs were excessive for most vegetables, but K2O input was insufficient in pakchoi and cabbages. The relative potential reduction was 31.5%–65.0% for the total nutrients input (N + P2O5 + K2O), and is 22.4%–66.6% for the total chemical nutrients input in greenhouse vegetable fields in Tianjin. 【Conclusions】 Basal application is the main nutrient fertilization method in Tianjin. The total nutrient input are excessive in most greenhouse vegetable fields, especially those of N and P2O5 in Tianjin, comparing with the recommended nutrient rate. The most concerned vegetables with excessive N and P2O5 inputs are eggplants, tomatoes and celery. Therefore, the fertilizer reduction in greenhouse vegetable fields should focus on eggplants, tomatoes and celery in Tianjin. |
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