| 东北中部春玉米超高产群体养分管理模式的研究与验证 |
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| 引用本文： | 袁静超,刘剑钊,梁尧,张洪喜,刘松涛,蔡红光,任军.东北中部春玉米超高产群体养分管理模式的研究与验证[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2020,26(9):1669-1680. |
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| 作者姓名： | 袁静超 刘剑钊 梁尧 张洪喜 刘松涛 蔡红光 任军 |
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| 作者单位： | 吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室，吉林长春 130033 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFD0300602）；国家现代农业产业技术体系（CARS-07-G-6）；吉林省科技发展计划项目（20200403167SF）。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】 研究如何在肥料总量控制甚至减少的前提下，通过优化养分管理措施、提高种植密度，进一步挖掘东北中部黑土区春玉米的产量和肥料效应潜力，为春玉米超高产条件下养分高效利用提供理论指导。 【方法】 试验于2005—2013年在吉林省农安县靠山镇进行，在大田条件下设置2种模式，分别为普通高产养分管理模式 (HYNM)和超高产养分管理模式 (SHYNM)，以先玉335和郑单958为供试材料，系统监测群体产量构成及养分偏生产力，剖析不同产量群体氮、磷、钾养分吸收、分配和转运特征。 【结果】 在东北中部黑土雨养区，超高产养分管理模式 (SHYNM) 下全区测产玉米单产达15017 kg/hm2 (先玉335)，其产量构成为收获穗数76154 穗/hm2，穗粒数583，千粒重337.9 g。与普通高产群体相比，超高产群体对氮、钾肥的相对需求比例明显变大。群体氮素和磷素的吸收高峰在6展叶至12展叶阶段和吐丝期至乳熟期，钾素吸收高峰在6展叶至12展叶阶段。通过大区和生产两个阶段田间实证，超高产养分管理技术显著提高了花后养分累积量和对籽粒养分的贡献率，可以实现在15000 kg/hm2产量水平下，氮、磷、钾肥的偏生产力分别达50.2、100.5、100.5 kg/kg。品种间比较，先玉335比郑单958具有更好的产量表现，且植株养分向籽粒的转运效率更高，其籽粒中的氮、磷、钾累积量均高于郑单958。 【结论】 在合理提升密度的基础上，以“减控总肥量、分段供氮、花前重施磷钾”为主要原则的养分管理技术模式，配合化控措施，延缓了玉米生育后期叶片的衰老，保证了后期干物质积累，在显著增加收获穗数的同时，保证千粒重和穗粒数不降低，在生产中稳定实现了14500～15000 kg/hm2产量水平，同时实现了氮磷钾养分的高效利用。
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| 关 键 词： | 黑土 春玉米 超高产养分管理模式 养分吸收利用特征 肥料偏生产力 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-03-06 |
Study and demonstration of superhigh yield nutrient managemnt for maize production in the middle area of northeast China |
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| YUAN Jing-chao,LIU Jian-zhao,LIANG Yao,ZHANG Hong-xi,LIU Song-tao,CAI Hong-guang,REN Jun.Study and demonstration of superhigh yield nutrient managemnt for maize production in the middle area of northeast China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2020,26(9):1669-1680. |
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| Authors: | YUAN Jing-chao LIU Jian-zhao LIANG Yao ZHANG Hong-xi LIU Song-tao CAI Hong-guang REN Jun |
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| Institution: | Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region MOA, Changchun 130033, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】 We studied the potential of further increasing maize yield through optimizing nutrient application mode and enhancing plant density, in condition of not increasing or even reducing the nitrogen fertilizer input, in order to provide theoretical guidance for the efficient utilization of nutrients in the super-high-yielding condition of spring maize. 【Methods】 The field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2013 at the Station of Super High Nutrient Management in Nong’an of Jilin Province. Conventional high yield nitrogen management (HYNM) and super high yield nitrogen management (SHYNM) modes were set under the field conditions. The tested maize cultivar was hybrid ‘XY335’ and ‘ZD958’. The uptake, distribution and transport characteristics of N, P and K in maize were compared, and the yield composition were investigated based on the regional data. 【Results】 Through three years of SHYNM in the black soil area of the middle of northeast China, the yield of XY335 achieved 15017 kg/hm2 under rain-fed conditions, the ear number, kernel number and 1000-kernel weight of the maize were 76154 ears/hm2, 583 and 337.9 g, the relative demand of N and K increased obviously, compared with the maize under HYNM in the same area. For the maize under SHYNM, the two peaks of N uptake were from V6 to V12 and from R1 to R3, the peak of P uptake was from R1 to R3, and the peak of K uptake was from V6 to V12. Under both the experiment and field demonstration of SHYNM, the nutrient accumulation after flowering and the contribution rate to grain nutrient showed significantly increase, the partial productivity of N, P and K could reach as high as 50.2 kg/kg, 100.5 kg/kg and 100.5 kg/kg at the yield level of 15000 kg/hm2. Compared the two cultivars, the yield of XY335 was higher than that of ZD958. The transfer efficiency of plant nutrients to grain and the accumulations of N, P and K in grain of XY335 were higher than those of ZD958. 【Conclusions】 The super high yield nutrient management is focused on the principle of “reducing and control the amount of fertilizer, applying nitrogen in sections, applying phosphorus and potassium before flowering”, which could ensure the dry matter accumulation and slow down the senility of leaves in the late growing stage of maize. Through reasonable increase of density and combing necessary chemical control, more ears could be harvested without affecting 1000-kenel weight and gain number per ear, which guarantee the maize yield as high as 14500–15000 kg/hm2 and more efficient NPK fertilizer efficiencies in the black soil area under rainfed condition. |
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