Biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations: Main features shown by intensive monitoring in Congo and Brazil |
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| Authors: | Jean-Paul Laclau Jacques Ranger José Leonardo de Moraes Gonçalves Valérie Maquère Alex V Krusche Armel Thongo M’Bou Yann Nouvellon Laurent Saint-André Jean-Pierre Bouillet Marisa de Cassia Piccolo Philippe Deleporte |
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| Institution: | 1. CIRAD, UPR80, Montpellier, France;2. INRA, BEF, Nancy, France;3. ESALQ, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil;4. AGROPARITECH, Engref, Paris, France;5. CENA, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil;6. UR2PI, Pointe-Noire, Congo;1. CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences and University of Tasmania, College Road, Sandy Bay 7005, Australia;2. CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Floreat, WA 6913, Australia;1. USP, Universidade de São Paulo, ESALQ, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;2. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;3. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;4. Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil;5. Klabin, Telêmaco Borba, PR, Brazil;6. CIRAD, UMR 111, Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & Agro-écosystèmes, F-34060 Montpellier, France;7. USP, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, IAG, CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil;8. Université de Lorraine, UMR INRA-UL 1137, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Faculté des Sciences, Vandoeuvret-les-Nancy, France;1. School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;2. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden;3. Federal University of Santa Catarina – UFSC, 89.520-000 Curitibanos, SC, Brazil;4. Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais, Via Comendador Pedro Morganti, 3500 - Bairro Monte Alegre, Brazil;5. Department of Forest Sciences, University of São Paulo, 13400 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil;6. Department of Forest Science, São Paulo State University, 18600 Botucatu, SP, Brazil;1. University of São Paulo, ‘Luiz de Queiroz’ College of Agriculture, Department of Forest Science, Piracicaba, Brazil;2. Suzano Pulp and Paper S.A., Itapetininga, SP, Brazil;3. Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural – Incaper, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Brazil;4. Asia Pulp and Paper, Perawang, Indonesia;5. 4tree Agroflorestal, Piracicaba, Brazil;6. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil;7. Fibria, Jacareí, Brazil;1. Departamento de Silvicultura, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465 – km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23891-000, Brazil;2. Embrapa Agrobiologia, Rodovia BR 465 – km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23891-000, Brazil;3. Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, 1024, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-000, Brazil;1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia-UFU, Campus Monte Carmelo, km 1, LMG-746, CEP 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil;2. Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University–NCSU, 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001, 27695 Raleigh, NC, United States;3. Department of Forest Sciences, Federal University of Lavras-UFLA, Campus Universitario, Caixa postal 3037, CEP 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil;4. Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research-WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;5. Forestry Science and Research Institute-IPEF, Av. Comendador Pedro Morganti, 3500, bairro Monte Alegre, CEP 13415-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The sustainability of fast-growing tropical Eucalyptus plantations is of concern in a context of rising fertilizer costs, since large amounts of nutrients are removed with biomass every 6–7 years from highly weathered soils. A better understanding of the dynamics of tree requirements is required to match fertilization regimes to the availability of each nutrient in the soil. The nutrition of Eucalyptus plantations has been intensively investigated and many studies have focused on specific fluxes in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. However, studies dealing with complete cycles are scarce for the Tropics. The objective of this paper was to compare these cycles for Eucalyptus plantations in Congo and Brazil, with contrasting climates, soil properties, and management practices.The main features were similar in the two situations. Most nutrient fluxes were driven by crown establishment the two first years after planting and total biomass production thereafter. These forests were characterized by huge nutrient requirements: 155, 10, 52, 55 and 23 kg ha?1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg the first year after planting at the Brazilian study site, respectively. High growth rates the first months after planting were essential to take advantage of the large amounts of nutrients released into the soil solutions by organic matter mineralization after harvesting. This study highlighted the predominant role of biological and biochemical cycles over the geochemical cycle of nutrients in tropical Eucalyptus plantations and indicated the prime importance of carefully managing organic matter in these soils. Limited nutrient losses through deep drainage after clear-cutting in the sandy soils of the two study sites showed the remarkable efficiency of Eucalyptus trees in keeping limited nutrient pools within the ecosystem, even after major disturbances. Nutrient input–output budgets suggested that Eucalyptus plantations take advantage of soil fertility inherited from previous land uses and that long-term sustainability will require an increase in the inputs of certain nutrients. |
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