Diagnosis of Nontraumatic Blood Loss in Birds and Reptiles |
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| Authors: | Heather Nevill |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;2. Research Unit: Genetic Epidemiology and Pharmacogenetics, Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;3. Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;4. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;5. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;1. Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, ul Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland;2. Department of Pathophysiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, ul. Sk?odowskiej–Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;3. Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;1. Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China;1. Health Sciences Center, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada;2. Statistical Services Unit, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA;3. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University–School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA.;1. UCD Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland (C.M.);2. Menescalia Veterinary Center, Valencia, Spain (C.M., M.S., J.G., M.H.);3. Exoticsvet, Valencia, Spain (C.M., M.S., J.G., M.H.);4. Centre Hopitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, Paris, France (C.M., M.S., J.G., M.H.) |
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| Abstract: | Blood loss due to trauma is recognized in all vertebrates. Other causes of blood loss, including coagulopathy and hemolysis, are common in mammals but rare in birds and reptiles. Blood loss syndromes may be underreported in birds and reptiles because of the inability of veterinarians to recognize these conditions. This review presents a summary of current knowledge of hemostasis in birds and reptiles, with emphasis on hemolytic and coagulopathic disorders that have been reported in these species. The focus of this article is on recognizing and diagnosing nontraumatic blood loss in birds and reptiles. |
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