Interference of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) seedling establishment |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan;1. Ca'' Foscari University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Venice, Italy;2. Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tuchkov Pereulok 9, 199004, St Petersburg, Russia;3. Petrozavodsk State University, Lenin Str. 33, 185910, Petrozavodsk, Russia;1. National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China;2. Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100102, China;1. Research Group Environmental Economics, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium;2. Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium;3. Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;1. School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China;2. College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China;3. Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China;4. SGS-CSTC Standards Technical Services Co., Ltd, Hangzhou Branch, Hangzhou 310052, PR China;1. School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK;2. Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;3. IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;4. UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;5. Strategic Science Group, Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK;6. Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Pharmaceutical Optical & Chiroptical Spectroscopy Facility, King’s College London, The Wolfson Wing, WWB10 Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK;7. Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK |
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| Abstract: | The nature of interference of bracken with Scots pine and Norway spruce seedling establishment was considered in three field experiments. In a seeding experiment, it was found that Scots pine germination was highest on exposed mineral soil and lowest when intact bracken litter and humus were present, suggesting adverse effects of litter and humus on pine regeneration probably due to phytotoxicity. In a second experiment, smothering by bracken caused high mortality of Scots pine seedlings while Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected. Mortality for both Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings was low when planted in a adjacent Scots pine-bilberry stand with no bracken. Annual shoot growth of Norway spruce was higher in bracken than in Scots pine-bilberry vegetation while no differences in shoot growth between these two vegetation types occurred for Scots pine. In a third experiment, activated carbon was added to the ground under Norway spruce seedlings planted in bracken to adsorb possible phytotoxic compounds released by bracken. The addition of carbon had no effect on seedling mortality or growth rate, indicating that the seedlings were not susceptible to allelochemicals released by bracken. Since large Norway spruce seedlings were relatively unaffected by bracken interference in this study, artificial regeneration with containerized Norway spruce seedlings is suggested to achieve an acceptable conifer tree establishment on clear-cuts invaded by bracken. |
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