| 冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成 |
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| 引用本文： | 张胜全,方保停,张英华,周顺利,王志敏.冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成[J].作物学报,2009,35(11):2045-2054. |
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| 作者姓名： | 张胜全 方保停 张英华 周顺利 王志敏 |
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| 作者单位： | 1中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院，北京100193；2河南省农业科学院小麦研究中心，河南郑州450002 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家科技支撑计划项目，北京市自然科学基金项目 |
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| 摘 要： | 为探讨华北平原冬小麦节水栽培适宜灌溉模式及其产量形成与资源利用规律，2004—2008连续4年在同一地块比较春不灌水(I0)、春灌1水(I1)和春灌2水(I2) 3种灌溉模式对冬小麦水氮利用特性与产量形成的影响。在均实行晚播和一次性底施氮量157.5 kg hm-2条件下，各模式年际间籽粒产量稳定，I0、I1和I2模式的4年平均产量分别为6 134、7 515和8 134 kg hm-2，平均总耗水量分别为3 334、3 829和4 270 m3 hm-2,平均总吸氮量分别为162.5、197.9和212.2 kg hm-2。在耗水构成中，土壤贮水消耗占总耗水量的比例分别为66.7%、49.2%和37.8%。3种灌溉模式的水分利用效率达1.9~2.0 kg m-3，灌溉模式间无显著差异；氮素利用效率在3个灌溉模式间也无显著差异，平均为38.0 kg kg-1 N。3种灌溉模式主茎穗占成穗数比例平均为81%，开花期上三叶叶面积指数2.6~3.8，旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积指数2.7~3.6。综合以上结果，冬小麦3种灌溉模式及其配套技术形成的群体结构可在不同产量水平上实现水、氮资源高效利用。
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| 关 键 词： | 冬小麦 节水栽培 氮素利用效率 高产 灌溉模式 |
| 收稿时间： | 2009-02-24 |
Utilization of Water and Nitrogen and Yield Formation under Three Limited Irrigation Schedules in Winter Wheat |
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| ZHANG Sheng-Quan,FANG Bao-Ting,ZHANG Ying-Hua,ZHOU Shun-Li,WANG Zhi-Min.Utilization of Water and Nitrogen and Yield Formation under Three Limited Irrigation Schedules in Winter Wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2009,35(11):2045-2054. |
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| Authors: | ZHANG Sheng-Quan FANG Bao-Ting ZHANG Ying-Hua ZHOU Shun-Li WANG Zhi-Min |
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| Institution: | 1.College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;2.Wheat Research Center,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450002,China |
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| Abstract: | Water shortage is a great challenge in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. Studies on wheat physiology and ecology have been carried out aiming at yielding more grains with less consumptions of water and nitrogen ferti-lizer. Cultivation techniques based on limited irrigation and nitrogen application are highly emphasized in North China Plain, where water stress is the most major problem in regular years. In Wuqiao area, Hebei province, China, a series cultivation systems have been established with distinct effects of high yield and small water consumption. The principle measure in the technique system was controlling the irrigation frequency and water amount. The purpose of this study was to disclose the mechanism of high-yielding and high resource use efficiency in the cultivation system established in Wuqiao. In the consecutive growing sea-sons from 2004 to 2008, field experiments were conducted at the Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agriculture University under three limited irrigation schedules, i.e., no irrigation in spring (I_0), 750 m~3 ha~(-1) of water at jointing (I_1) and each 750 m~3 ha~(-1) of water at jointing and anthesis (I_2). Fertilizers were only applied before sowing, including urea 225 kg ha~(-1), (NH_4)_2HPO_4300 kg ha~(-1) (thus, the total nitrogen was 157.5 kg ha~(-1)), K_2SO_4 225 kg ha~(-1), and ZnSO_4 22.5 kg ha~(-1) The characteristics of water and nitrogen use and the formation of grain yield were investigated at jointing, booting, anthesis, and maturity stages. The results showed that the average yield was 6 134 kg ha-1 for I_0, 7 515 kg ha~(-1) for I_1, and 8 134 kg ha~(-1) for I_2 treatment, and the average total evapotranspiration was in the order of 3 334, 3 829, and 4 270 m~3 ha~(-1). The ratio of soil water consumption to total evapotranspiration was 67%, 49%, and 38% in I_0, I_1, and I_2 treatments, respectively. The water use efficiency ranged from 1.9 to 2.0 kg m~(-3) with no significant differences among treatments. This indicated that approximately 52.6 m~3 of water was required for yielding 100 kg of grains. Under the nitrogen application level of 157.5 kg ha~(-1), the average total nitrogen accumulation was 163, 198, and 212 kg ha~(-1) in I_0, I_1, and I_2 treatments, respectively. Consistent results with slight variations were observed in the total nitrogen accumulation across years. The average nitrogen use efficiency of the three irrigation treatments was 38 kg kg~(-1) and there were no significant differences among treatments. In terms of the characteristics of plant population, the leaf area index (LAI) at booting and anthesis, as well as the LAI for the top three leaves were not significantly different between I_1 and I_2 treatments, but they were significantly higher than those in I_0 treatment. The LAI for the top three leaves and non-leaf organs green area index (NAI) above flag leaf ranged from 2.6 to 3.8 and from 2.7 to 3.6, respectively. The ratios of non-leaf organs green area above flag leaf to the uppermost three leaf area and total leaf area were more than 1.0 and 0.7, respectively. Three limited irrigation schedules showed steady grain yield and high resource use efficiency for consecutive four years. |
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| Keywords: | Winter wheat Water-saving cultivation Nitrogen use efficiency High yield Irrigation schedule |
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