Germline mutations in genes within the MAPK pathway cause cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome |
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| Authors: | Rodriguez-Viciana Pablo Tetsu Osamu Tidyman William E Estep Anne L Conger Brenda A Cruz Molly Santa McCormick Frank Rauen Katherine A |
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| Institution: | Comprehensive Cancer Center and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. |
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| Abstract: | Cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a sporadic developmental disorder involving characteristic craniofacial features, cardiac defects, ectodermal abnormalities, and developmental delay. We demonstrate that heterogeneous de novo missense mutations in three genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway cause CFC syndrome. The majority of cases (18 out of 23) are caused by mutations in BRAF, a gene frequently mutated in cancer. Of the 11 mutations identified, two result in amino acid substitutions that occur in tumors, but most are unique and suggest previously unknown mechanisms of B-Raf activation. Furthermore, three of five individuals without BRAF mutations had missense mutations in either MEK1 or MEK2, downstream effectors of B-Raf. Our findings highlight the involvement of the MAPK pathway in human development and will provide a molecular diagnosis of CFC syndrome. |
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