Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on growth and sporulation of four soil-borne fungal isolates of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, and Verticillium dahliae |
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| Authors: | Kalliopi Kadoglidou Anastasia Lagopodi Katerina Karamanoli Despoina Vokou George A Bardas George Menexes and Helen-Isis A Constantinidou |
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| Institution: | (1) Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;(2) Laboratory of Plant Pathology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;(3) Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;(4) Laboratory of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; |
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| Abstract: | The effect of essential oils and individual monoterpenoids on soil-borne fungi, in pure and mixed cultures, in growth media
and in the soil environment, was investigated. Essential oils were extracted from lavender (Lavandula stoechas), oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum), sage (Salvia fruticosa) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). The monoterpenoids tested were fenchone, carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, carvone, α-pinene and terpinen-4-ol. Their effect was examined
on growth and sporulation of Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum and Verticillium dahliae isolated from an organic cultivation of tomato. All tested essential oils and individual monoterpenoids inhibited mycelial
growth in all fungi and conidial production in most fungi. The strongest inhibitory activity on mycelial growth was exhibited
by oregano and spearmint oils and by carvacrol and carvone, respectively their main constituents. The inhibitory activity
was clearly fungistatic in A. terreus and F. oxysporum but fungicidal in V. dahliae. On sporulation, clearly stimulatory effects were observed alongside inhibitory ones. Conidial production was always promoted
by α-pinene in P. expansum and by sage oil in F. oxysporum. At certain dosages it was promoted by cineole and carvone in F. oxysporum, and by lavender oil in A. terreus and V. dahliae. Experiments with carvone and carvacrol against mixed fungal cultures in a soil environment showed that V. dahliae was the most sensitive and A. terreus the most tolerant of the four fungi. Our results demonstrate strong but divergent effects and selectivity of action of the
lower terpenoids on fungal strains that can become serious pests of tomato. Of special importance is the complete inhibition
of growth and conidial production of V. dahliae, a pathogen otherwise very resistant to chemical control. |
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