Day and night wind drift and evaporation losses in sprinkler solid-sets and moving laterals |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), CSIC, Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;2. Department of Soils and Irrigation, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA), DGA, Apdo. 727, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;1. Institut für Ökologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany;2. Institut für Geoökologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany;1. Faculty of Engineering, Shohadaye Hoveizeh Campus of Technology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Dashte Azadegan, Iran;2. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 61357831351 Ahvaz, Iran;3. Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran;4. UniSQ College, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4300, Australia;5. Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran;6. Department of Hydraulic, Hydro-Environmental Engineering, Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, P.O. Box 16765/313, Tehran 16589-54381, Iran;1. Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China;2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20750, USA;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;4. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, 84990, Israel;5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA;6. Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland;1. Department of Agronomy, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edif. Da Vinci, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;2. Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edif. C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;1. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;2. Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726, United States |
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| Abstract: | Wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) represent a relevant water sink in sprinkler irrigation, particularly in areas with strong winds and high evaporative demand. The objectives of this paper include: (1) characterize WDEL under day and night operation conditions for solid-set and moving lateral configurations; (2) propose adequate predictive equations; and (3) prospect the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables and on the estimates of reference evapotranspiration. A total of 89 catch can irrigation evaluations were performed in both irrigation systems and under day and night conditions. Different predictive equations of WDEL were proposed for combinations of the two irrigation systems and the two operation times. The equations were selected based on their capability to explain and predict WDEL. Most equations use wind speed alone as an independent variable, although some use relative humidity or combinations of both variables plus air temperature. In the semi-arid meteorological conditions of Zaragoza (Spain), the average WDEL for the solid-set were 15.4 and 8.5% during day and night irrigations, respectively. For the experimental moving lateral, losses amounted to 9.8% during the day and 5.0% during the night. The effect of sprinkler irrigation on the meteorological variables was moderate, with small increases in relative humidity (3.9%) and decreases in air temperature (0.5 °C) during the irrigation event and a few minutes afterwards. Consequently, reference evapotranspiration, estimated by the Penman-Monteith method, decreased during the irrigation event by 0.023 mm h−1 on the average. This decrease represents 2.1% of WDEL, suggesting that the WDEL do not significantly contribute to satisfy crop water requirements, and therefore constitute a consumptive water loss. |
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