Cyperus difformis evolves resistance to propanil |
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| Institution: | 1. Investigación y Desarrollo en Agricultura Tropical (Idea Tropical), PO Box 2191, Alajuela 4050, Costa Rica;2. Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Hojebakkegaard Allé, 13, Taastrup DK-2630, Denmark;3. Marrone Bio Innovations, 2121 Second Street, Ste. B-107, Davis, CA 95618, USA;4. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA;1. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;2. College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;1. North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;2. Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;3. Laboratory for Electron Microscopy CRB, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;1. College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;2. Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310018, China;1. Laboratório de Mamíferos, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, SW7 5BD, London, United Kingdom;3. Laboratório de Mastozoologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Mastozoologia e Biogeografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Cyperus difformis L. is one of the worst weeds of rice world-wide and has evolved resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in rice fields of California. Propanil use was intensified to control the widespread resistant biotypes. Rice growers have recently experienced poor control, suggesting resistance to this photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide may have evolved in C. difformis populations. The objectives of this study were to detect the presence of propanil resistance, to establish resistance levels, and to investigate involvement of enhanced herbicide detoxification as mechanism of resistance through the use of metabolic inhibitors. Four C. difformis populations collected in rice fields from the Sacramento Valley of California were confirmed resistant to propanil. This is the first case of such resistance outside the Poaceae and the first time C. difformis exhibits resistance to an herbicide mechanism of action other than ALS inhibition. Carbaryl and malathion applied individually in mixture with propanil had minor effects on herbicide toxicity suggesting metabolic detoxification was not a resistance mechanism. A resistant biotype produced more than 80% biomass after a propanil (6.7 kg a.i. ha−1) and carbaryl (1.9 kg a.i. ha−1) or propanil and malathion (1.0 kg a.i. ha−1) treatment compared to <20% by a susceptible biotype, suggesting substantial resistance still persisted in spite of insecticide addition. Propanil-resistant plants were cross-resistant to bensulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl and penoxsulam, but susceptible to carfentrazone. The loss of propanil to control this important weed of rice underscores the fragility of herbicide-based weed control in monoculture rice. Integrated weed management approaches to decrease herbicide selection pressure are needed to mitigate the evolution of multiple-herbicide resistance in C. difformis of California rice. |
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| Keywords: | Cross-resistance Acetolactate synthase Synergism Rice Herbicide metabolism Photosystem II inhibitor |
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