Seed physiological maturity in Cuphea |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA;2. New Crops Processing Research, National Center for Agriculture Utilization Research, Agriculture Research Service, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604, USA;1. School of Mechatronics Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Malaysia;2. School of Electrical System Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Malaysia;3. School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Malaysia;4. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Gulf University, Bahrain;5. Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajudain, Malaysia;1. Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Research Center of the Academic Division of Health Sciences, Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Villahermosa Tabasco, México;2. Section of Graduate Studies and Research, School of Medicine, National Institute Politecnico, México, D.F., México;3. Education and Research Branch, Hospital “Dr. Juan Graham Casasús” Villahermosa Tabasco, México;1. Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Ecological Processes, College of Grassland and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;2. Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;3. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;1. Departamento de Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3 (5800)-Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;2. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Agencia Postal No.3 (5800)-Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;3. Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal No. 3 (5800)-Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;1. Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic;2. Dept. of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 12843, Czech Republic;3. Dept. of Natural Products, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 16628, Czech Republic;4. Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky Univ. and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic;5. Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry ASCR, Prague 16610, Czech Republic;6. Present address: Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic |
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| Abstract: | Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata f. silenoides W.T. Aiton, line PSR23) is a new crop being developed in the North Central United States, as an industrial oilseed crop. Cuphea PSR23 seed oil is rich in medium-chain-length fatty acids such as capric acid used to manufacture soaps and detergents. The objective of this research was to determine the time when physiological maturity of cuphea seed is reached and how seed development affects seed moisture, weight, oil content, fatty acid content, germination, and seedling vigor. To evaluate seed development, 2000 cuphea flowers were tagged at anthesis in the field at Prosper, North Dakota in 2004 and 2005. Each flower was tagged when open and the position on the main stem or branch was recorded. Two hundred capsules from the tagged flowers were harvested at 3- to 4-d intervals from 5- to 48-d post anthesis (DPA). Seed weight increased as a function of growing degree days (GDD) and the days from anthesis. Physiological maturity occurred when maximum dry seed weight was attained. Seed weight increases followed the Gompertz function with a R2 = 0.90 (2004) and R2 = 0.95 (2005). All capsules, regardless of their position on the stem, followed the same growth function for seed weight. The maximum dry seed weight estimated by the Gompertz function was 3.61 for 2004 and 3.58 mg seed?1 for 2005. Physiological maturity estimated with a quadratic function occurred at 38 DPA or 270 GDD in 2004. In 2005, physiological maturity occurred at 26 DPA or 265 GDD. As a visual indicator when the capsules split-open seeds inside that capsule are physiologically mature. Seed moisture decreased from 900 g kg?1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 450 g kg?1 at 319 GDD post anthesis in 2004; however, in 2005 seed moisture decreased from 850 to 81 g kg?1 at 293 GDD post anthesis. Seed germination increased as seed developed and it was 83% when harvested 234 GDD post anthesis. Oil content increased from 98 g kg?1 at 37 GDD post anthesis to 279 g kg?1 319 GDD post anthesis. Fatty acid composition varied throughout seed development. Seed development for 111 GDD and greater had more than 66% of capric acid (10:0). Cuphea should be harvested after 265 GDD post anthesis when most capsules on the main stem are split-open, have attained maximum seed weight, germination, seedling vigor, and oil content. |
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