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Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content
Institution:1. Agronomy College of Henan Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, #62 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China;2. Institute of Food Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, #116 Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China;1. College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China;2. College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China;5. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA;1. Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea;2. Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;3. Present address: Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Korea;4. Department of Plant & Environmental Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung 456-749, Korea;5. Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland;1. Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK;2. Genetics and Plant Breeding Department, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411 004, Maharashtra, India;3. Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India;1. Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. Collaborative Innovation Team of Shandong Wheat-Corn Crops, National Key Lab. of Crop Biology, Key Lab. of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China;1. Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 316 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68503-0915, USA
Abstract:Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg?1 soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.
Keywords:Winter wheat  Grain protein fraction  Glutamine synthetase  Gene expression  DAA"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0035"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"days after anthesis  GS"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0045"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"glutamine synthetase  HN"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0055"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"high nitrogen level  HGPC"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0065"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"high grain protein content wheat cultivar  LN"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0075"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"low nitrogen level  LGPC"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0085"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"low grain protein content wheat cultivar  N"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"kwrd0095"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"nitrogen
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