The significant contribution of mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms to maize protection and phytoremediation in Cd-polluted soils |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia;2. Omsk State Pedagogical University, Naberezhnaya Tukhachevskogo 14, Omsk, Russia;1. Moscow State University, Soil Science Faculty, Department of Soil Biology, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 111991 Moscow, Russia;2. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia;1. Faculty of Biology, Department of Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;2. Department of Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;3. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;4. Institute for Landscape Biochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Strasse 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;5. Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorferstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;6. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany;1. Tomakomai Research Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035, Japan;2. Network Center of Forest and Grassland Survey in Monitoring Sites 1000 Project, Japan Wildlife Research Center, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido 053-0035, Japan;3. Wakayama Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hirai, Kozagawa-cho, Higashimuro-gun, Wakayama, 649-4563, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms can individually or interactively influence plant growth and heavy metal uptake. The influence of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi either alone or in combination on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and cadmium (Cd) uptake was investigated in a calcareous soil artificially spiked with Cd. Soils were contaminated with Cd (10 and 20 mg Cd kg?1), inoculated or un-inoculated with the epigeic earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and two AM fungal species (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae) for two months of growth under greenhouse conditions. Generally, earthworms alone increased both shoot P uptake and biomass but decreased shoot Cd concentration and root Cd uptake. AM fungi individually often increased total maize P uptake, declined shoot Cd concentration, and consequently produced higher total biomass. However, R. irregularis enhanced shoot Cd uptake at low Cd level and root Cd uptake at high Cd level. In plants inoculated with F. mosseae species, earthworms increased shoot biomass and Cd uptake, decreased root biomass and Cd uptake at all Cd levels, and increased shoot Cd concentration at low Cd level. In plants colonized by R. irregularis species, however, earthworm addition decreased maize biomass only at high Cd level and root Cd concentration and total maize Cd uptake at both Cd levels. Earthworm activity decreased Cd transfer from the soil to maize roots at low Cd level, but this was counterbalanced in the presence of F. mosseae. Mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly reduced the transfer of Cd from roots to shoots, independence of earthworm effect. Overall, it is concluded that L. rubellus and AM fungi, in particular F. mosseae isolate, improved maize tolerance to Cd toxicity both individually and interactively by increasing plant growth and P nutrition, and restricting Cd transfer to the aboveground biomass. Consequently, the single and interactive effects of the two soil organisms might potentially be important not only in protecting maize plants against Cd toxicity, but also in Cd phytostabilization in soils polluted by this highly toxic metal. |
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| Keywords: | Earthworm activity Mycorrhizal symbiosis Cd uptake Maize Phytoremediation |
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