Sex determination in Mexican-beaded lizard specimens (Heloderma alvarezi and Heloderma horridum) employing contrast radiography method |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Ethology and Wildlife, Veterinary College – National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, México;2. Department of Husbandry and Wellbeing, Zoofari Conservation Center, Teacalco, Morelos;3. Department of imaging, Veterinary College – National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, México;4. Department of distance education, Veterinary College – National Autonomous University of Mexico, México City, México;1. University of Miami, Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA;2. University of Miami, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA;3. Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria;4. University Hospital for Small Animals, Internal Medicine of Small Animals, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;1. Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany;2. Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany;1. James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, USA;2. Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Fort Collins, CO, USA;3. Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University''s College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO, USA;1. Tierarztpraxis Voelkendorf, Villach, Austria;2. Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;3. Tierarztpraxis Häbich; Wien, Austria;4. Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;1. Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA;2. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA;3. Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN, USA;4. St. Croix Animal Welfare Shelter, Kingshill, St. Croix, USVI |
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| Abstract: | Background: Alternatives to gross external anatomical sex determination are often required, peculiarly in species displaying poor or absent gross sexual dimorphism, such as the beaded lizard. This study evaluates results of hemipenile contrast radiography accuracy as compared to ultrasonography of the same beaded lizard (Heloderma alvarezi and Heloderma horridum). Methods: Eleven captive adult beaded lizards (4 H. alvarezi and 7 H. horridum), underwent hemipenis contrast radiography, and results compared with coelomic ultrasound. Results: By ultrasound, 2 lizards were females and 9 were males. By contrast hemipenis radiography, 2 animals were females and 9 were males. In this sample, there was a Kappa concordance of 1. Conclusions and clinical relevance: In this species, contrast hemipenis radiography proved to be a reliable diagnostic tool for hemipenes identification, and sex determination with all test specimens. Further studies including a larger number of animals and different lizard species are warranted. |
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