| 鲸落生态研究进展与展望 |
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| 引用本文： | 林明利,李松海.鲸落生态研究进展与展望[J].热带生物学报,2023,14(1):32-41. |
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| 作者姓名： | 林明利 李松海 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国科学院 深海科学与工程研究所 海洋哺乳动物与海洋生物声学研究室，海南 三亚 572000 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金杰出青年科学基金和优秀青年科学基金项目(42225604,41422604)；国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(41406182，41306169)；环境保护部生物多样性保护重大工程项目(2019-2023) |
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| 摘 要： | 鲸落是指须鲸（Balaenoptera）和抹香鲸（Physeter macrocephalus）等大型鲸类死亡后，尸体沉入海底，形成的一个长期以鲸尸为营养源的生态系统。鲸落研究始于1987年，迄今已经积累了一些生态认识，对这些认识的梳理将为我国即将兴起的鲸落研究提供借鉴。鲸落的演替可分为移动清道夫、机会主义者、化能自养和礁岩阶段，促进、耐受和抑制作用是推动不同阶段演替的主要生态因子，而水深、水温和地理位置对各演化阶段的物种组成和群落结构具有重要影响。目前尚未在移动清道夫阶段发现鲸落专性物种，但已经在机会主义者和化能自养阶段发现了包括食骨虫在内的129种专性物种，这些物种通过洋流将生活史早期产生的浮游幼虫在鲸落间进行扩散。基于全球大型鲸类种群数量和死亡率，有学者粗略估算出相邻且演化阶段相同鲸落的平均距离为5～16 km，这些鲸落随机散布于各大洋海底，可为生物在位置固定、区域距离较远的冷热泉间扩散提供垫脚石，共同维持深海生物多样性水平。有研究认为，捕鲸业对大型鲸类的大肆捕杀导致全球鲸落减少了65%～90%，这已引起深海物种生物多样性水平的严重下降甚至大规模灭绝。鲸落研究极具挑战性，无论探测自然鲸落还是人工植入鲸落都要求配备高性能潜水器和具备熟练深潜作业能力，是一个国家对深海探索能力和综合海洋科技水平的体现。根据国际鲸落研究进展和我国深海探测技术现状，提出我国鲸落研究应充分利用区域优势、聚焦共性科学问题和注重新技术应用的建议。
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| 关 键 词： | 须鲸 抹香鲸 食骨虫 冷泉 热液 海斗深渊 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022-09-12 |
Review and prospect of whale fall ecology |
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| Institution: | Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China |
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| Abstract: | A whale fall occurs when great whales such as baleen whales (Balaenoptera) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) die and their carcasses fall to the ocean floor. Compared with other organisms dropped from the euphotic zone to the sea floor, great-whale carcasses highlight with giant body sizes and high bone-lipid content which allow them to support a sequence of heterotrophic and chemosynthetic microbial assemblages in the energy-poor deepsea for decades. The succession of whale fall can be divided into mobile-scavenger, enrichment opportunist, sulphophilic and reef stages. Successional mechanisms of these stages are driven by facilitation, tolerance and inhibition, while species composition and community structure are affected mainly by water depth, temperature and geographical location. No whale-fall specialist has been found in the mobile-scavenger stage to date, but 129 species that are specialized to live on whale remains have been identified in the opportunistic and chemoautotrophic stages. Based on the population size and mortality of great whales around the world, the estimation of average distance among adjacent whale falls with the same successional stage is 5-16 km. These whale falls share the similar chemoautotrophic communities and species with those of vents and seeps, and thus are considered ecological and evolutionary stepping-stones in deep-sea floor. Unfortunately, the serious decline of great whales populations caused by commercial whaling have led to a 65%-90% reduction of whale falls in the world ocean, which may have reduced species diversity and caused species extinctions in deep-sea ecosystems. The detection of natural whale falls and experimentally implanted whale remains are considered to be the two main methods for whale falls research which requires the high-performance submersible and skilled deep diving operation ability. Finally, based on cetacean resources and the development of deep-sea exploration technology in China, we highlight future research interests of whale fall. |
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