Artificial developed habitats can sustain plant communities similar to remnant ecosystems in the Tokyo megacity |
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| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;2. Institute for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Services, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori Cho, Nishitokyo City, Tokyo 118-0002, Japan;1. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;2. Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi 989-6711, Japan;3. Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurimachoyacho 1577, Tsu, Mie, Japan;4. Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Zaluuchuudiin Urgun Chuluu-1, PO Box 377, Ulaanbaatar, 210646, Mongolia;1. University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;2. The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Květnové náměstí 391, 252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic;3. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic;4. Environmental Protection Department, City Hall Prague, Jungmannova 35/29, CZ-110 01 Praha, Czech Republic;1. The Department of Environmental, Geoinformatics and Urban Planning Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel;2. Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel;3. Department of Economics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel;1. Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;2. Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation and Urban Forest Research Centre, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China;3. Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China;4. Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China;5. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4;1. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;2. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy;3. Fondazione Minoprio, viale Raimondi 54, 22070 Vertemate con Minoprio, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Artificially developed habitats in urban ecosystems, known as novel ecosystems, have recently been underscored in terms of increasing urban green cover. However, patterns of changes in species diversity and composition in novel ecosystems over time remain poorly understood, making it unclear whether all novel ecosystems contribute to urban biodiversity. Here, we assessed how plant species diversity and composition in developed habitats changed over the years since the development of habitats (years since development) using a space-for-time substitution approach in the megacity, Tokyo, Japan. We established multiple survey transects at each study site to investigate the plant species diversity and composition. Using the ordination regression-based approach, we found that the plant species composition in developed habitats changed over the years since development and became similar to that in remnant habitats after approximately 130 years. We also found that the diversity of native plant species did not change whereas that of exotic species decreased with the years since development. Our results demonstrate the importance of developing new habitats for conserving urban biodiversity, while highlighting that exotic species can easily establish in newly developed habitats. Given that remnant ecosystems in urban areas are degraded by urbanization, the time required for novel ecosystems to become similar to remnant ecosystems is essential for predicting and conserving future urban ecosystems. |
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| Keywords: | Community composition Developed habitat Ecological restoration Novel ecosystems Ordination regression-based approach Urban ecosystems |
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