A multiscale assessment of the diversity of New Zealand’s nursery trees |
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| Institution: | 1. New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand;2. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA;3. The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA;4. Forest & Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;1. College of Architecture, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Green Building, Hohhot, 010051, China;2. Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China;1. School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China;2. School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 10084, China;1. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China;2. Hubei New Urbanization Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan, 430074, China;1. NMBU, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, P.O.Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;2. NMBU, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Landscape and Society, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway;3. Norwegian Public Roads Administration, P.O. Box 1010 Nordre Ål, N-2605 Lillehammer, Norway;4. NIBIO, Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, Division of Environment and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway;1. School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, No. 378 Waihuan West Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China;2. Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China;3. Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Science, The University of Hong Kong, Room 1005, 10th Floor, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;4. Department of Geography and Resource Management, Wong Foo Yuan Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;5. Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, Fok Ying Tung Remote Sensing Science Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region;1. Department of Environmental Studies, Ursinus College, Collegeville, PA, United States;2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Burlington, VT, United States |
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| Abstract: | Nurseries play an important role providing trees for a variety of managed environments including urban forests. The diversity of urban forests and forest restoration projects are influenced by nursery species availability, and as such, there is a need to better understand tree species diversity at nurseries. We collected tree species lists from 75 nurseries throughout New Zealand, which were used to describe species richness (alpha diversity) and to examine similarity in the composition of native and non-native species assemblages among nurseries (beta diversity) at three spatial scales: island, region, city. Together, the nurseries grew 863 species, 174 of which were native to New Zealand, from 312 genera and 130 families. Nurseries grew significantly more non-native species (μ = 63.5, σ = 60.6) than native species on average (μ = 31.7, σ = 22.7) (t = 2.99, df = 48.45, p = 0.004). Beta diversity for native and non-native tree species were only significantly different at the scale of cities or regions, not at the larger scale of islands. Few species were grown in all cities or all regions and the majority of those that were common were native species. In contrast, non-native species dominated the unique species at all spatial scales, (i.e., species uniquely grown in one city, region, or island). By quantifying tree species diversity in New Zealand’s nurseries, this research provides a basis to better understand the influence that nurseries have on urban and peri-urban tree diversity, and ultimately how that diversity impacts resilience and the provision of ecosystem services. |
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| Keywords: | Diversity Exotic species Indigenous species Native species Nurseries Restoration Urban forestry |
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