Processing techniques for improving enzyme-retting of flax |
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| Institution: | 1. Cotton Quality Research Station, P.O. Box 792, USDA-ARS, Clemson, SC 29633, USA;2. R.B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30604, USA;3. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;1. School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;2. College of Animal Science and Technology of Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, China;3. Station of Animal Breed and Improve of Alashan Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China;4. Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74 06121 Perugia, Italy;5. Italian National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese, 301 00123 S.M. di Galeria (RM), Italy;1. Institute of Bioinspired Structure and Surface Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China;2. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China;3. Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, P. R. China;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 5000, USA;1. Analysis and Advanced Materials for Structural Design (AMADE), Polytechnic School, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi s/n, 17071 Griona, Spain;2. AERNNOVA Engineering Division SAU, Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 13, E-01510 Álava, Spain;1. School of Food Systems, North Dakota State University, Dept 7640, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA;2. School of Agricultural, Forest, & Environmental Sciences, 270 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;3. Department of Plant Science, North Dakota State University, Dept 7670, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA;4. Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Dept 7680, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA |
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| Abstract: | Information is needed to optimize enzymatic-retting of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) based on a pectinase-rich mixture and chelators. Seed flax straw from North Dakota in 1998, ‘Natasja’ fiber flax straw from South Carolina in 1993, ‘Ariane’ fiber flax straw field-aged and dried from South Carolina in 1999, ‘Ariane’ fiber flax straw shed-dried from South Carolina in 1999, and Canadian seed flax straw in 1997 comprised diverse samples that were subjected to various tests to improve absorption of enzyme formulation by stems or to evaluate clean fiber yield. Mechanical disruption by crimping stems through fluted rollers at about 80 Newtons gave optimum fiber yield in conjunction with enzymatic-retting and was, therefore, used in further tests to evaluate enzyme absorption. Enzyme absorption was increased significantly for uncrimped flax stems with increased pressure of about 310 kPa or with a vacuum around 88 kPa. Increased pressure was effective more than the vacuum treatment. Samples with minimal post harvest handling were affected more by pressure alterations than samples that had considerable disruptions, such as seed flax straw or field-aged straw. Crimped stems showed little increase in enzyme absorption with alterations in applied pressure. Mechanical treatment of stems by crimping gave the largest increase in enzyme absorption and increased significantly the fiber yields. Based on a variety of sample types, the results suggest that normal atmospheric conditions are satisfactory for penetration of enzyme formulation into crimped stems, and that extraordinary measures are not required to expedite the enzyme-retting process. |
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