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1.
虾青素和角黄素对虹鳟肌肉着色和肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别在基础饲料(对照组)中添加100 mg/kg的虾青素、角黄素,混合色素(50 mg/kg虾青素+50 mg/kg角黄素)饲喂初始体重为(56.60±0.63) g的虹鳟60 d,考察虾青素和角黄素对虹鳟肌肉着色和肝脏总抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加了虾青素、角黄素和混合色素后对虹鳟增重率、饲料系数及肌肉常规成分、肌肉失水率、含肉率均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。虾青素组、角黄素组和混合色素组虹鳟肌肉的比色卡得分、红度、虾青素含量和血清总类胡萝卜素含量均比对照组有显著提高(P< 0.05);虾青素组虹鳟肌肉比色卡得分(26.25)和红度值(18.40)显著高于角黄素组(22.38, 14.13)和混合色素组(24.00, 15.70)(P< 0.05);虾青素组虹鳟肌肉虾青素含量为4.75 mg/kg (30 d)和6.45 mg/kg (60 d),均显著高于混合色素组的3.87 mg/kg (30 d)和5.48 mg/kg (60 d)(P< 0.05);在虹鳟血清总类胡萝卜素含量方面,虾青素组 > 混合色素组 > 角黄素组;虾青素组、角黄素组、混合色素组虹鳟肝脏的总抗氧化能力之间无显著差异(P> 0.05),分别为2.39 U/mg,2.25 U/mg,2.39 U/mg,均较对照组(2.03 U/mg)显著提高(P< 0.05)。上述结果表明：饲料中添加100 mg/kg虾青素、角黄素及虾青素+角黄素混合(1∶1)均能有效改善虹鳟肌肉颜色,提高肝脏总抗氧化能力,虾青素、虾青素+角黄素混合(1∶1)对虹鳟肌肉的着色效果优于角黄素。 相似文献
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《水产科学》2021,(1)
水温12～18℃,将体质量(435.63±21.32) g的哲罗鲑饲养在6.0 m×2.5 m×1.2 m的流水水泥池中,投喂含100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素(对照组)和10、20、40、60 mg/kg天然虾青素(雨生红球藻)饲料,每两周检测试验鱼肌肉中的虾青素含量和鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的总抗氧化能力和碱性磷酸酶活性,研究人工合成虾青素和天然虾青素对肌肉中虾青素含量及其组织抗氧化力的影响。70 d的饲养结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg组的试验鱼虾青素含量显著升高(P0.05),且40 mg/kg含量组试验鱼虾青素含量显著优于20 mg/kg组(P0.05);(2)各组试验鱼鳃、肝脏、前肠、后肠、幽门垂、血清、血细胞的总抗氧化能力显著高于对照组(P0.05);(3)各组试验鱼鳃、后肠、幽门垂、肌肉、血清、血细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验结果表明,与添加100 mg/kg人工合成虾青素相比,饲料中添加20～40 mg/kg天然虾青素,能显著提高哲罗鲑肌肉虾青素含量、总抗氧化能力以及碱性磷酸酶活性,建议哲罗鲑饲料中天然虾青素添加量为40 mg/kg。 相似文献
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为探究饲料中茶树油与虾青素对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)生长性能、抗氧化能力及免疫相关基因表达的影响, 设计了 6 组等氮等能饲料, 分别为基础饲料组(CT)、50 mg/kg 虾青素组(AS50)、50 mg/kg 虾青素与 50 mg/kg 茶树油组(AS50+AST50)、50 mg/kg 虾青素与 100 mg/kg 茶树油组(AS50+AST100)、50 mg/kg 虾青素与 200 mg/kg 茶树油组(AS50+AST200)、50 mg/kg 虾青素与 400 mg/kg 茶树油组(AS50+AST400), 进行了 8 周的养殖实验。添加了虾青素后, AS50 组与 CT 组相比, 饵料系数显著降低(P＜0.05), 末均重、增重率、特定生长率虽有提高但差异不显著(P＞0.05), 血淋巴及肠道中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高(P＜0.05), 肠道丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P＜0.05), Crustin、Astacidin、CuZnSOD 以及 HSP70 基因表达显著升高(P＜0.05)。添加了虾青素与茶树油后, AS50+AST100 组末均重, 增重率, 特定生长率, 总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著高于 AS50 和 CT 组(P＜0.05), 肠道丙二醛含量显著低于 AS50 组和 CT 组(P＜0.05)。肠道组织 Crustin 与 Astacidin 基因随茶树油含量提高, 其表达量呈升高趋势, AS50+ AST50 组显著低于其余各组(P＜0.05), CuZnSOD 表达量随茶树油浓度提高呈先升高后降低趋势, AS50+AST50 以及 AS50+AST100 显著高于其余各组(P＜0.05)。HSP70 表达量随茶树油含量的提高与对照 CT 组差异显著(P＜0.05)。 研究结果显示, 饲料中存在 50 mg/kg 虾青素条件下, 添加 100 mg/kg 茶树油可以提高克氏原螯虾抗氧化能力与免疫能力, 促进生长。 相似文献
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为研究豹纹鳃棘鲈色素变化过程以及添加剂对其产生的影响,本研究在室内工厂化养殖条件下,对豹纹鳃棘鲈的早期色素积累、转变过程进行描述,并采用螺旋藻粉和虾青素两种添加剂对其仔、稚、幼鱼的生长及体色变化的影响进行观察。结果显示,从2 d仔鱼开始,眼点色素增多,并由透明转为黑色,摄食明显;3 d仔鱼其背部鳍褶上的树枝状黑色素扩大,脊椎下方出现1列黑色素细胞丛;22 d的鱼体脊椎上方出现1排黑色素斑点,下方黑色素斑点数量减少,此时口、各鳍基部及沿脊椎两侧黄色素增加;28 d的稚鱼体表黄色素与红色素进一步增多,各鳍沿鳍条均有红色素斑点分布,鱼体呈橘红色,颜色鲜艳;30–33 d的幼鱼体表两侧布满黑色与橘红色斑点,脊椎下方斑点消失,仅在尾椎下方存有1块黑色素斑点。增色剂实验结果显示,实验15 d时,螺旋藻粉组与虾青素组全长、体重差异不显著,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各实验组内梯度之间差异不显著(P0.05)。30 d时,3%和6%螺旋藻粉组较对照组的体重值高,但差异不显著(P0.05),9%螺旋藻粉组显著低于对照组(P0.05);虾青素组均高于对照组,除与0.6%组差异不显著(P0.05)外,其他组均差异显著(P0.05)。0.1%实验组体重高于对照组和螺旋藻粉组,并高于组内其他梯度组。经过15 d添加虾青素的幼鱼体色红色素有明显增加,与对照组差异显著;30 d时,螺旋藻组没有达到增色效果。结果表明,螺旋藻粉对幼鱼生长初期有促进作用,随着添加浓度与养殖时间的增加其效果不明显,出现负效应;添加浓度为0.1%的虾青素可使全长、体重增长率最高并具有明显增色效果。 相似文献
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为研究虾青素对锦鲤体色、生长的影响,在基础饲料中添加不同量的虾青素对红白锦鲤幼鱼进行了饲喂试验。试验鱼的初始体质量为7.31±0.12 g,饲料中虾青素的添加量分别为0、100、400、700、1 000、1 300、1 600 mg·kg-1,表观饱食投喂60 d。结果表明:随着虾青素添加量的增加,锦鲤皮肤和背鳍中的类胡萝卜素含量逐渐升高,700 mg·kg-1组的类胡萝卜素显著高于添加量为0的对照组,最高值出现在1 600 mg·kg-1组,但1 600 mg·kg-1组背鳍中的类胡萝卜素含量与1 000、1 300 mg·kg-1组间差异不显著;在促生长方面,100、700 mg·kg-1组的体质量增长率(BWG)、蛋白质效率(PER)显著高于对照组,虾青素添加量对锦鲤的肥满度(CF)、肝体指数(HSI)、脏体指数(VSI)无显著影响。研究结果说明,在饲料中添加虾青素可有效改变锦鲤的体色。综合考虑经济效益,饲料中虾青素的适宜添加量为700 mg·kg-1。 相似文献
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《渔业科学进展》2014,(5)
为研究豹纹鳃棘鲈色素变化过程以及添加剂对其产生的影响,本研究在室内工厂化养殖条件下,对豹纹鳃棘鲈的早期色素积累、转变过程进行描述,并采用螺旋藻粉和虾青素两种添加剂对其仔、稚、幼鱼的生长及体色变化的影响进行观察。结果显示,从2 d仔鱼开始,眼点色素增多,并由透明转为黑色,摄食明显;3 d仔鱼其背部鳍褶上的树枝状黑色素扩大,脊椎下方出现1列黑色素细胞丛;22 d的鱼体脊椎上方出现1排黑色素斑点,下方黑色素斑点数量减少,此时口、各鳍基部及沿脊椎两侧黄色素增加;28 d的稚鱼体表黄色素与红色素进一步增多,各鳍沿鳍条均有红色素斑点分布,鱼体呈橘红色,颜色鲜艳;30–33 d的幼鱼体表两侧布满黑色与橘红色斑点,脊椎下方斑点消失,仅在尾椎下方存有1块黑色素斑点。增色剂实验结果显示,实验15 d时,螺旋藻粉组与虾青素组全长、体重差异不显著,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各实验组内梯度之间差异不显著(P0.05)。30 d时,3%和6%螺旋藻粉组较对照组的体重值高,但差异不显著(P0.05),9%螺旋藻粉组显著低于对照组(P0.05);虾青素组均高于对照组,除与0.6%组差异不显著(P0.05)外,其他组均差异显著(P0.05)。0.1%实验组体重高于对照组和螺旋藻粉组,并高于组内其他梯度组。经过15 d添加虾青素的幼鱼体色红色素有明显增加,与对照组差异显著;30 d时,螺旋藻组没有达到增色效果。结果表明,螺旋藻粉对幼鱼生长初期有促进作用,随着添加浓度与养殖时间的增加其效果不明显,出现负效应;添加浓度为0.1%的虾青素可使全长、体重增长率最高并具有明显增色效果。 相似文献
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为了探讨饲料色素对大黄鱼成鱼体色及其抗氧化能力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0 mg/kg(对照组D1)、100 mg/kg(D2)、200 mg/kg(D3)、300 mg/kg(D4)叶黄素和虾青素(1∶1)混合色素配制成4种等氮等能饲料,选择平均体质量为(365.54±5.83)g的大黄鱼1 800尾,随机分为4组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复150尾,进行为期60 d投喂试验。结果表明,投喂30 d后,色素添加组大黄鱼背部和腹部皮肤的黄色值(b*)显著高于对照组(P0.05);实验结束时,除D2组的大黄鱼腹部皮肤的红色值(a*)显著高于其他组(P0.05)外,各组之间大黄鱼背部及腹部皮肤亮度值(L*)和红色值(a*)均无显著性差异(P0.05),各色素添加组的大黄鱼背部和腹部皮肤的黄色值(b*)无显著性差异(P0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P0.05);大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(TAOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均随着色素添加水平的上升而升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量随着色素添加水平的上升而降低。因此,在本试验条件下,饲料中添加叶黄素和虾青素(1∶1)混合色素可以改善大黄鱼成鱼体色及提高其抗氧化能力,综上并考虑饲料成本,建议混合色素添加量为100~200 mg/kg。 相似文献
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以大豆油作为溶剂从小龙虾头胸甲提取色素。运用微晶纤维素吸咐层析法提纯和浓缩虾青素与虾青索脂。提纯色素的浓度约是最初色素油浓度的40倍。从色素大豆油中分离色素能够减少必须添加到饵料中的油的数量。在投喂试验中，将含有色素的饵料投喂硬头鳟(Salma gairdneri)，结果在鲜肉中出现了令人满意的粉红色。对试验饵料色素含量和鲜鱼肉进行了分析。 相似文献
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Xueming Xu Zhengyu Jin Hongtao Wang Xiaoming Chen Caiqing Wang Shuai Yu 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2006,37(3):282-288
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the addition of astaxanthin from red yeast, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in the diets of goldfish, Carassius auratus. The first was designed to investigate the distribution of pigments in different tissues of goldfish and the effect of astaxanthin in the diet. The carotenoid concentration of tissues was not homogenous. The content of pigments in fish caudal fin was the highest followed by those of scales and head. Flesh had the least carotenoid deposition. Fish fed the diet containing 60 mg/kg astaxanthin had increased concentration of pigment in its head (22.6%), scales (45.5%), flesh (31.0%), and fin (21.2%), compared to fish fed basal diet (P < 0.05). Sixty parts per million astaxanthin had no effect on the weight gain and survival rate. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis showed astaxanthin in its esterified form in goldfish. The second experiment was aimed at determining the dietary level of astaxanthin that improved color of goldfish. Goldfish were fed the same diet supplemented with 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg yeast astaxanthin/kg for 60 d. The deposition of carotenoids in goldfish fed diets supplemented with astaxanthin increased significantly (P < 0.05) after 15 d of feeding compared to that of the fish fed the diet without astaxanthin, but the effect of dosage of astaxanthin in the diets on the color of goldfish was not completely evident until Day 60 (P < 0.05). During the period of 15–45 d, the deposition of pigments in fish did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) in any treatment with the exception of the diet with 40 mg yeast astaxanthin/kg. 相似文献
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Menghe H. Li Edwin H. Robinson Daniel F. Oberle Paul V. Zimba 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2007,38(4):557-563
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of various carotenoids on skin and fillet coloration and fillet carotenoid concentration in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. For 12 wk, juvenile catfish were fed one of six experimental diets containing no supplemental carotenoid or 100 mg/kg of one of following carotenoid additions: β‐carotene (BCA), lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), canthaxanthin (CAN), and astaxanthin (AST). Visual yellow color intensity score was highest for fish fed LUT, followed by ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Skin and tissue Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage yellowness value was the highest in fish fed LUT, followed by fish fed ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Fish accumulated the supplemental carotenoids in muscle tissues, but concentrations of different carotenoids in the tissue varied greatly. Approximately 30% of the LUT added was converted to echineone; no conversion was observed among other supplemental carotenoids. Results from the present study indicate that channel catfish can accumulate yellow pigments LUT and ZEA and red or pink pigments CAN and AST in the flesh, resulting in yellow coloration. The yellow pigment BCA does not appear to deposit in skin or flesh at levels sufficient to alter the coloration. 相似文献
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Bundit Yuangsoi Orapint Jintasataporn Nontavit Areechon Prathak Tabthipwon 《Journal Of Applied Aquaculture》2013,25(3):267-283
Fancy carp were fed seven dietary treatments with natural pigment sources (tea, mulberry, cassava) at a specific rate to achieve a total carotenoid (TC) concentration in the diet of 25 mg/kg. Growth performance among treatments was not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05). TC and skin redness (a*) of fish fed tea leaves was higher than the other treatments (p ≤ 0.05). Fish fed with tea extract and cassava leaves had higher serum astaxanthin concentrations than the other groups (p ≤ 0.05). This group also retained serum astaxanthin and red color better than other groups two weeks post treatment (p ≤ 0.05). Phagocytic activity was significantly greater in fish fed carotenoid supplements compared with the control group (P ≤ 0.05). Therefore, dietary supplementation with 25 mg/kg tea leaves is sufficient to obtain good coloration in fancy carp as well as enhance immunity. 相似文献
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The effect of feed pigment type on flesh pigment deposition and colour in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The characteristic pink colour of salmonid flesh is a result of deposition of naturally occurring carotenoid pigments. Achieving successful pigmentation in farmed salmonids is a vital aspect of fish farming and commercial feed production. Currently commercial diets for farmed salmonids contain either or both of the synthetic pigments commercially available, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. ( = 220 g initial weight) were given feeds where the pigment source was astaxanthin only, canthaxanthin only or a astaxanthin/canthaxanthin mix. The rearing environment was 12 × 3 m tanks supplied with sea water at the EWOS research farm Lønningdal, near Bergen, Norway. As the proportion of dietary canthaxanthin increased, flesh pigment levels also showed an increase; the pigment content in the muscle of canthaxanthin‐only fed fish was 0.4 mg kg?1 (or 14%) higher than that of the astaxanthin‐only fed fish, with the mixed pigment fed fish being intermediate between the two extremes. Results of cross‐section assessment for Minolta colorimeter redness (a*) values and Roche SalmofanTM scores also showed an increase in colour with increasing proportions of canthaxanthin in the feed. The data reported clearly indicates that S. salar ( = 810 g final weight) of this size deposit canthaxanthin more efficiently than they do astaxanthin. These results contrast with those obtained by other authors with rainbow trout, Oncorynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and imply that the absorption or utilization of the pigments differs between species. 相似文献
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Pigmentation of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1875), using Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) microalga 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
L Gouveia G Choubert N Pereira J Santinha J Empis & E Gomes 《Aquaculture Research》2002,33(12):987-993
A feeding experiment was conducted over 9 weeks with seven groups of 30 (fish per group) unpigmented gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (L. 1875) (initial mean weight = 145.2 ± 12.3 g). Three experimental diets were prepared by adding to a basal diet free of carotenoid (final pigment content of around 40 mg per kg feed): (i) a biomass of the carotenogenic Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta, Volvocales); (ii) a synthetic astaxanthin; and (iii) a mixture (1:1) of microalgal biomass and synthetic astaxanthin. At 3‐week intervals, five fish were sampled from each tank for total carotenoids analysis in skin and muscle. The carotenoid pigments (total amount = 0.4%) identified in the carotenogenic alga were lutein (0.3%), β‐carotene (1.2%), canthaxanthin (36.2%), astaxanthin, free and esterified forms (55.0%), and other pigments (7.3%). Carotenoid pigments were significantly deposited in the four skin zones studied during the feeding trial: the forefront between the eyes, the opercule, along the dorsal fin and in the abdominal area. In the muscle, regardless of the astaxanthin source, the amount of carotenoids measured was very low (less than 1 mg kg?1) and differences not significant. Moreover, no muscle pigmentation was evident, and there was no variation in the amount of carotenoid analysed in skin tissue, through the trial, for each treatment. It was concluded that supplementing the feed with C. vulgaris would be an acceptable practice in aquaculture to improve the market appeal of the gilthead seabream. 相似文献
16.
The most important visual quality characteristic of Atlantic salmon is the red/pink flesh color. The primary source of this coloration in salmon is caused by deposition of relatively large amounts of pigments, such as astaxanthin, obtained from their diet. Astaxanthin is expensive, and in commercial farming practice, dietary color pigments comprises about 15-20% of the total feed cost. One important operational process in commercial fish farms is therefore to minimize pigment costs. Based on recent models on the effects of dietary pigment concentration and fish size on visual color perception of Atlantic salmon, this study has built a mathematical programming model designed to optimize dietary astaxanthin concentrations throughout the grow-out period that results in well-pigmented fish at minimum cost. We have applied a mixed-integer non-linear programming algorithm to solve this problem. Various managerial implications of applying optimization models in product quality management of farmed salmon are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Dorsal aorta cannulation: a method to monitor changes in blood levels of astaxanthin in voluntarily feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study was undertaken to assess dorsal aorta cannulation as a method to evaluate alterations in diet composition and feeding protocol on pigment retention in salmonid fish. Temporal changes in blood astaxanthin concentrations of dorsal aortacannulated Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were followed in relation to variations in dietary pigment concentration and fish-feeding husbandry protocol. The fish were held individually in 200-L fibreglass tanks supplied with running sea water. Each fish was forced to swim at 0.5 body lengths s?1 and was fed daily by hand to satiation. The fish had an average growth rate of 1% day?1. Blood astaxanthin concentrations were noted to be highly correlated (r= 0.995) with dietary levels of astaxanthin, but not as well correlated (r= 0.71) with total gut content of this pigment. Marked variations in blood astaxanthin concentration were noted between individual fish at each dietary pigment concentration, but the ranking of the fish was generally unaffected between each dietary pigment level. After cessation of feeding a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1, salmon fed a diet with no pigment showed more-rapid blood pigment clearance than those that were starved. Likely, feed remaining in the alimentary tract of the starved fish functioned as a reservoir of pigment for the blood until the intestinal tract was empty. Blood pigment levels were not depressed in salmon fed a diet supplemented with 75 mg of astaxanthin kg?1 once daily instead of twice daily. 相似文献
18.
Luisa Gouveia Georges Choubert Emídio Gomes Paulo Rema José Empis 《Aquaculture International》1998,6(4):269-279
Apparent digestibility, deposition and retention of carotenoids in the muscle of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated comparing the feeding of pigments from Chlorella vulgaris against commercially available pigments at two different total lipid contents (15% and 20% lipid). Algal biomass (ALG) was included in rainbow trout diets and muscle pigmentation was compared to that obtained in trout fed diets containing a 5:3 mixture of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (MIX) (reflecting the relative concentrations of these carotenoids in the dry alga) or those fed a diet containing astaxanthin only (AST). Apparent digestibilities of pigments and nutrients were determined by the indirect method, using Cr2 O3 as indicator, and the colour intensity and pigment concentration were assessed in the muscle, using the Roche colour card for salmonids and UV-vis spectrophotometry. After 6 weeks feeding, colour intensity was similar for the various pigment sources, achieving levels 12 to 13, yet significantly higher in fish fed the diet with the higher lipid content ( 20%) (p<0.05). Pigment concentration in the muscle was also higher in the fish fed the high-fat diet. Muscle pigment concentrations were similar for fish fed diets ALG and MIX, and over 1.5 times higher than for diet AST (p<0.05) after 6 weeks. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, total energy and specific carotenoid concentrations were also measured. Increased dietary fat content was shown to increase the deposition and the retention of carotenoids in muscle, and the difference increased with time (deposition increase of 10–20% at week 3 and 30–40% at week 6 and retention increase of 10–15% at week 3 and 30% at week 6). Pigment digestibility also apparently increases (10–20%) under those conditions despite the fact that no significant effects in terms of apparent digestibility increase were found for dry matter, protein, lipids or energy. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998 相似文献
19.
Effects of porcine bile extracts added at three different dietary concentrations 0, 10 and 20 g kg?1 were studied on astaxanthin serum concentration in rainbow trout (mean weight 200 ± 7 g). Astaxanthin from micro‐algae Haematococcus pluvialis and synthetic astaxanthin (CAROPHYLL® pink) were incorporated in diets of rainbow trout at a rate of 100 mg astaxanthin kg?1 of feed. Fish were hand fed twice a day. After 5 days of feeding there was a significant effect of the pigment source on the ratio (total blood astaxanthin per unit body weight to cumulative astaxanthin intake per unit body weight). Trout receiving synthetic astaxanthin showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher ratio than trout fed algal astaxanthin. Increasing dietary bile extract did not lead to produce any effect on this ratio. The power of the statistical analysis is discussed. Therefore, the interaction (pigment source × dietary bile concentration) showed no more effect. 相似文献