首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is cultured widely in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam but it is often difficult or expensive for hatchery operators to purchase commercial diets used as a feeding supplement to Artemia nauplii. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of lipid sources and lecithin on the growth and survival rate of M. rosenbergii larvae were examined in order to develop suitable hand-prepared larval diets for seed production of M. rosenbergii in this area. Six egg custard diets consisting of various ratios of lipid (originating from soybean oil and squid oil) and lecithin were used for rearing Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. Treatments in which larvae were fed diets containing squid oil exhibited the highest body length and survival rates (7.14–7.43 mm and 51.1–68.1%, respectively), and differed significantly from other treatments (P<0.05). Use of dietary soybean oil yielded the lowest body length and survival rates (6.29–6.75 mm and 22.0–48.7%), respectively). The supplementation of dietary lecithin did not increase final body weight but did improve larval survival rates. The n-3 HUFA content of prawns fed dietary squid oil was higher than those of animals provided with other diets. These results indicated that the most appropriate diet for rearing M. rosenbergii larvae is the diet containing 3% squid oil and 1.5% lecithin.  相似文献   

2.
Use of egg custard augmented with cod liver oil (CLO) fed during the day, and of an overnight feed with Moina micrura, were evaluated in terms of its effects on production of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) postlarvae (PL). Four levels of CLO (0, 1,3 and 5%) were tested. Significantly higher mean (sd) productions, ranging from 11.27 (1.16) to 13.02 (1.70) PL l–1, were obtained for larvae fed egg custard enriched with CLO compared with that of 7.83 (1.58) PLl–1 for larvae fed egg custard without CLO. The development and survival of larval stages were also higher for the CLO diets. The -3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in egg custard increased with increasing CLO level (0–5%). The fatty acid composition of postlarvae reflected the composition of the diet.  相似文献   

3.
This study was conducted to determine the performance of new egg custard formula to replace Artemia sp. on the growth and survival of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, larvae. Five experimental diets were tested with triplicate treatments: ART (Artemia sp.), ART‐MIX (Artemia sp. + egg custard MIX: a mixture of shrimp, squid, and bivalve meal‐based egg custard, with palm oil), ART‐PBM (Artemia sp. + PBM, poultry byproduct meal‐based egg custard with fish oil), egg custard MIX only, and egg custard PBM only. All experimental diets were tested after 9 d (stage VI) of feeding Artemia sp. to prawn larvae. The stocking density was set at 100 larvae/L in a clear water tank culture system. Results indicated that the highest survival was recorded in the treatment of ART‐PBM (46.07 ± 0.84%) and the lowest was in the MIX treatment (8.87 ± 0.51%). ART‐PBM and ART‐MIX diets successfully reduced the rearing period and improved survival from larval to postlarval stage by 19 and 65%, respectively, compared with the ART diet. However, the use of MIX and PBM alone increased the rearing period up to 11%. The feeding regime of ART‐PBM and ART‐MIX has provided nutritional advantages and can be successfully practiced in the hatchery of M. rosenbergii larvae. The innovative approach of using PBM and palm oil in the egg custard formulation in this study can provide prawn hatchery operators with more options in terms of dietary ingredients and cost‐effective solutions.  相似文献   

4.
Twelve pelleted diets containing a range of protein and energy levels from 30% protein, 400 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet to 40% protein and 520 kcal gross energy per 100 g diet were formulated. A least-cost linear programming package was applied to determine the optimum inclusion levels of some locally available ingredients. The essential amino acid constraints applied to the diets were based on the essential amino acid content of the eggs of broodstock Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). The study was undertaken using 13 one-tonne capacity fibreglass tanks, each with a water recycling system. Each tank was partitioned into three equal compartments by nylon netting; each compartment was stocked with six female and one male prawn which were fed with the various diets at 2% body weight daily split into three feedings at 0800, 1200 and 1800 h. The results indicated that prawn fed the 40% protein diet with an energy level of 400 kcal per 100 g diet attained the highest fecundity, producing 1355 eggs per gram body weight, followed by those fed P40 with a gross energy level of 440 kcal 100 g-1 (1354 eggs per gram body weight), and prawns fed control diet (30% protein with an energy level of 442 kcal 100 g diet-1) attained the lowest fecundity (1080 eggs per gram body weight). However, statistically, no significant differences in fecundity were observed among prawn fed 35% protein diet with an energy level of 473 kcal 100 g-1, 40 with energy levels of 400 or 440 kcal 100 g diet-1. The essential amino acids index (EAAI) were calculated and were found to be a possible method of evaluating the broodstock diet of M. rosenbergii as a higher index indicates higher egg production. Therefore, a diet containing 40% protein, with an energy level of 400 kcal 100 g diet-1 is recommended as a broodstock feed for M. rosenbergii in view of its superior performance and cost.  相似文献   

5.
The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae have apposition eyes and are positively phototactic, whereas the postlarvae (PL) have superposition eyes and are negatively phototactic. M. rosenbergii has colour vision as early as larval stage. We discovered that M. rosenbergii alters background colour preference after metamorphosis from larvae to PL in association with nature of phototaxis. The test circular glass aquaria covered with a pair of two‐colour papers contained with a group of 100 larvae or 20 Pl, and the number of individuals in each colour background was recorded five times for each colour pair. The background colours tested were light blue, green, yellow, red, white and black. The numbers of larvae or PL in each colour background of different pairs were analysed by the Thurstone's law of comparative judgment. In the larvae, significant bias towards yellow was evident. In the PL, of the four pairings of black with other colours, all biased to black. The mean z‐scores were highest for yellow in the larvae, and for black in the PL. To determine the possible background brightness preference of the larvae and PL, six different colour backgrounds were presented in pairs. The larvae significantly preferred light blue over dark blue, white over yellow and white over black. The PL exhibited reversed preference. The relationship between z‐scores and light reflectance levels of five colour papers was significantly positive in the larvae and negative in the PL. The observed background colour preference was probably due to relative brightness rather than chromaticity difference.  相似文献   

6.
A grow‐out experiment was designed to determine the effect of different dietary protein, lipid levels and protein–energy (P:E) ratio on growth performance and feed utilization of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii post larvae (PL) culture in pond net enclosures (hapa, 3.75 m?3 each) for 12 weeks (84 days). The experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate. Six test diets were formulated to contain three different protein levels (300, 350 and 400 g kg?1 diet) and two lipid levels (100 and 140 g kg?1 diet) in a factorial manner (3 × 2) to provided six different dietary P:E ratio: 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 mg CP kJ?1 g?1). The result showed that the highest significant (P≤0.05) survival rate, growth indices and feed utilization were observed for M. rosenbergii PL fed a diet with a P:E ratio of 17 mg CP kJ?1 g1, whereas, the lowest value was recorded for prawns fed a diet with a P:E ratio of 20 mg CP kJ?1 g?1. Whole body contents of protein and lipid were highest (P≤0.05) when fed diets with 21 and 17 mg CP kJ?1 g?1 respectively. Concerning dietary protein levels, the highest (P≤0.05) values for survival and growth indices were observed for PL fed a diet containing 300 g kg?1 diet protein. The same trend was observed for PL fed a diet with 100 g kg?1 diet lipid level, irrespective of dietary protein levels. A diet containing 300 g kg?1 protein and 100 g kg?1 lipid with a dietary P:E ratio of 17 mg CP kJ g?1 is recommended to stimulate growth performance and nutrients utilization efficiency of M. rosenbergii PL.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of increasing levels of dietary phospholipids (PL) on the ovarian development and reproductive performance of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were investigated using four semipurified formulated diets supplemented with 0%, 1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6% PL. Four groups of 40 females, with an average individual body weight of 95–120 g, were fed the experimental diets for a period of 7 months. Male crabs were introduced into the female rearing system in March, and mating, spawning, and egg hatching occurred in the following month. After 10 weeks of feeding, females fed the diet with 2.4% PL had a significantly higher gonadosomatic index (GSI) than females fed the diet with 0% PL, whereas females fed the diet with 1.2% PL had a significantly higher hepatic moisture content and lower hepatic lipid content than the other groups (P < 0.05). After mating, the spawning rate was higher among females fed diets with 3.6% and 2.4% PL (95% and 92%, respectively) compared with females fed diets with 0% and 1.2% PL (both 81%). The results showed that egg production (total number of eggs/female) and fecundity increased with increasing dietary PL level, with females fed diets with 0% and 1.2% PL supplementation having significantly lower values than females fed the diet with 3.6% PL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that dietary PL supplementation has a positive effect on ovarian development and reproductive performance of E. sinensis broodstock. Further study should aim to investigate the optimal PL level in the broodstock diet of E. sinensis in respect to offspring quality.  相似文献   

8.
A study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary protein and lipid concentrations on growth, spawning performance and egg quality of yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus. Nine diets representing a combination of three protein concentrations (40, 50 and 60%) and three lipid concentrations (15, 20 and 25%) were tested with three replicates. Each replicate was stocked with 10 fish with a sex ratio of 1:1 and the average weights were 415 g and 236 g for females and males, respectively. Fish were fed to satiation twice daily. The weight gain of A. latus broodstock was not significantly (P > 0.05) different among fish fed diets with the various protein and lipid concentrations. Except for relative fecundity and survival rate of 3-day-post-hatch (3DPH) larvae, spawning performance of A. latus was not significantly affected by different concentrations of dietary protein or lipid. Relative fecundity was found to be significantly elevated by dietary lipid at 20% concentration. However, survival rate of 3DPH larvae was highest from broodstock fed diets with 40% protein and 25% lipid, 50% protein and 15% lipid and 60% protein and 15% lipid concentrations. Egg diameter generally increased with increasing dietary protein from 40 to 60% at each lipid concentration. Total length of hatchlings followed an inverse relationship with dietary protein regardless of the lipid concentration. The oil globule diameter (OGD) of hatchlings significantly increased with decreasing dietary protein from 60 to 40%. Yolk sac length (YSL) and OGD of hatchlings was generally greatest at 15% dietary lipid concentration irrespective of protein concentrations. Total length of 3DPH larvae was greatest from broodstock fed diets with 50% protein and 20% lipid, respectively. Body protein content of broodstock was not significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid concentrations. However, increasing dietary lipid generally resulted in increasing body lipid content regardless of the dietary protein concentration. Protein and lipid contents of eggs, hatchlings and 3DPH larvae were significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid concentrations of the broodstock diets. The present study revealed that the best reproductive performance of A. latus broodstock was achieved at 40% dietary protein and 20% dietary lipid concentrations based on relative fecundity, fertilization rate, hatchability and survival of 3DPH larvae.  相似文献   

9.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on flame angelfish (Centropyge loriculus) reproduction, and egg and larval quality. In the experiment, formulated diets containing 1.8, 2.9 or 3.6% n‐3 HUFA were fed to flame angelfish broodstock (n = 4) for 5 months. Mean fecundity (daily egg production), egg fertilization rates and embryo viability were used as indicators of egg quality. In addition, mean egg diameter, oil globule diameter, per cent hatch, larval size at hatch, per cent survival to yolk exhaustion and larval size at yolk exhaustion were recorded for each treatment. Flame angelfish fed the diet containing 3.6% n‐3 HUFA exhibited significantly increased fecundity, fertilization rates and embryo viability than fish that were fed the other two formulated diets. Egg diameter, egg oil globule diameter, larval size at hatch, larval survival to yolk exhaustion and larval size at yolk exhaustion from the 3.6% n‐3 HUFA broodstock treatment group were not significantly different from those derived from the Control broodstock treatment. These data revealed that flame angelfish egg quality could respond rapidly (within weeks) to maternal dietary changes. Results from this study further support that dietary HUFA composition can significantly affect broodstock reproductive performance as well as subsequent performance of eggs and larvae.  相似文献   

10.
Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming plays an important role in the economy of Bangladesh. Presently, it is cultured in around 50 000 ha area with total annual production of 23 240 t. Traditional extensive prawn farming has been expanding over the last three decades through the introduction and adoption of improved culture systems, such as culture of prawn‐carps, prawn‐shrimp‐fish and prawn‐fish‐rice as concurrent and rotational systems. Efforts for the development of improved techniques on broodstock management, seed production and rearing and grow‐out of prawn have been made over the last decade. The outcomes are low‐cost feed for broodstock, production of post‐larvae in net cages (hapa), all‐male prawn culture, periphyton based prawn‐tilapia culture, C/N based prawn culture, organic prawn farming, prawn‐mola culture and prawn‐carp‐mola polyculture. Despite the development of culture technologies, a number of challenges for sustainable development of prawn farming need to be overcome to realize the potentials of this promising sector. Good aquaculture practises at all levels and application of measures for quality control and food safety would ensure sustainable development of prawn farming in Bangladesh.  相似文献   

11.
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is an economically important freshwater prawn. The cultivation of zoea larvae is crucial for the success of the M. rosenbergii industry. In this study, we surveyed the microbial community diversity and structure associated with M. rosenbergii zoeae at different stages of larval development. Samples of zoea larvae from different developmental stages were collected and subjected to high-throughput DNA sequencing. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in all six sample groups. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Bacillus decreased, and that of Enterobacter increased with the growth of the zoeae. This may have been related to the intestinal development of the zoea larvae. The microbial diversity of M. rosenbergii zoea larvae decreased significantly with development. The beta diversity analysis showed that the closer the developmental stage of M. rosenbergii, the more similar the structure of the associated bacterial communities.  相似文献   

12.
Larvae of two caridean shrimp species, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) and Palaemon elegans Rathke, were fed live and artificial diets. P. elegans larvae fed exclusively live Artemia salina (15 nauplii mL?1) developed into first postlarval stage (PL1) within 12 days at a temperature of 25°C and salinity 32.5 g L?1. Their survival and mean total length at this stage were 88.5% and 6.7 mm respectively. M. rosenbergii larvae fed on 15 Artemia mL?1 started to metamorphose into PLl within 24 days at 29–30°C and 12 g L?1. Attempts to completely replace live Artemia for rearing P. elegans during early stages failed, and only a partial replacement was achieved for the larvae of both species. P. elegans larvae survived (49%) solely on a microgranulated diet (Frippak PL diet) from stage zoea (Z) 4–5 to PL1. Similarly, a microencapsulated diet (Frippak CD3) also sustained M. rosenbergii larvae from Z5–6 to PL1 with a 28% survival. Development of the larvae of both species was retarded by 2–3 days and their survivals were lower than those fed on the live diet. The inability of the early larvae of these caridean species to survive on artificial diets is attributed to their undeveloped guts and limited enzymatic capabilities. Trypsin activity in the larvae was determined for all larval stages. It was found that the highest trypsin activity, at stage Z4–5 in P. elegans and at stage Z5–6 in M. rosenbergii, coincides with a rapid increase in the volume of the hepatopancreas and the formation of the filter apparatus. These morphological changes in the gut structure appear to enable the larvae to utilize artificial diets after stage Z5–6. Low larval trypsin activities may be compensated by the easily digestible content of their live prey during early larval stages (Z1–Z4/5) and by longer gastroevacuation time (GET) and almost fully developed guts during later stages.  相似文献   

13.
Seedstock‐costs of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii can represent >50% of the total production costs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of culture tank colouration on survival, metamorphosis rate, weight and time required to reach the postlarval (PL) stage. Newly hatched prawn larvae were stocked into eighteen 16‐L plastic culture tanks at a density of 30 L?1. Tank colours evaluated were red, black, white, blue, green and yellow. Larval prawns were fed brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) nauplii and a supplemental diet. Data indicated that larval tank colour had no significant impact (P>0.05) on the final PL size or days required to reach PL stage. However, total survival was significantly higher (P<0.05) in red and green tanks (84% and 78% respectively) than in white and blue tanks (56% and 44% respectively). Survival in the yellow and black tanks (71% in both) was not significantly different (P>0.05) from the red, green or white treatments, but was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the blue treatment. This could have a significant financial impact on commercial hatchery, and growout production, as most larval tanks currently in use are blue or black.  相似文献   

14.
Incidence of post‐larval mortalities of 30–100% was reported from commercial freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) hatcheries in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (south‐eastern states of India) since 2001. Infected postlarvae (PL) exhibited clinical symptoms with lethargy, anorexia and whitening of abdominal muscles and the disease was identified as white muscle disease (WMD). The waterborne infection of WMD was induced in the laboratory by exposing uninfected and healthy M. rosenbergii PL to the filtered muscle homogenates of the naturally infected PL, resulting in mortality that reached 99% within 10 days post infection. Histopathological examination of the infected animals revealed highly necrotic musculature. Degenerated muscle areas showed aggregations of melanized nuclei, many of which looked like inclusion bodies. Bacteriological examination of affected PL showed the presence of Staphylococcus spp. as a predominant organism, while laboratory challenge of healthy PL with this bacterial isolate did not reproduce WMD.  相似文献   

15.
Macrobrachium gangeticum (Bate) are commercially valuable prawns that are broadly distributed in the Ganga river that flows from northern to eastern India. We studied embryonic development from cleavage (blastomeres), segmentation, formation of optic vesicle, eye pigment development to larva formation, as these data are largely unknown in this species. We conducted this study using mature M. gangeticum broodstock placed in freshwater tanks. Just after spawning, females were kept in separate aerated tanks, where fecundity was estimated from the total number of eggs. Thereafter, egg samples from berried females were used to study their embryonic stages. The correlation coefficient between size and prawn weight, egg weight, egg number, body weight and egg mass of different sizes of prawns was analysed. Our results show that an increase in prawn size led to an increase in egg weight and egg number while decreases in body weight:egg mass ratio was noticed. Further results indicate that an increase in prawn weight had a positive impact on egg weight and egg number. The embryo development stages were used in this study as a tool to evaluate the development process of the prawn in a hatchery environment.  相似文献   

16.
The broodstock of spotted Babylon snail, Babylonia areolata, were conditioned in indoor tanks under two seawater systems (static system and flow‐through system) and five types of foods (fish, shrimp, squid, green mussel and formulated diet). High survival and good feeding was found from broodstock conditioned in all treatments of seawater systems and diets. All broodstock showed active behaviour with no signs of stress as exhibited by active movement and feeding, protrusion of siphonal tube and constant egg laying throughout the experiment. Two‐way analysis of variance showed that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the total yield of egg capsules, size of egg capsules, size of newly hatched larvae and growth of larvae among broodstock B. areolata conditioned in the seawater system and diet treatments, but there were significant differences (P>0.05) in the frequency of egg capsule laying, number of fertilized eggs/embryos per capsule, total yield of fertilized eggs/embryos and final survival of larvae among broodstock B. areolata conditioned in the diet treatments. We present initial evidence that the seawater system had a stronger influence on the egg production and quality of broodstock B. areolata than conditioning diets.  相似文献   

17.
The African River prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii is the largest of the local Palaemonidae prawns along the Cameroonian coast and an important target species for fisheries and aquaculture. A preliminary study on larviculture of this species was carried out at the IRAD-AQUASOL hatchery in Kribi, Cameroon. Berried females M. vollenhovenii were obtained from the Lobe and Lokoundje Rivers in the Southern Region, typical Lower Guinea rainforest streams. The larval rearing system consisted of a single recirculation system of four 65 L cylindrical plastic containers connected to a submerged biological filter container (65 L). Experiments were conducted three times in the same condition, with two batches of larvae reared separately in duplicate per experiment, at a density of 40/L, temperature 26°C, and salinity 16%. Larvae were fed from 1 day after hatching until metamorphosis to postlarvae (PL) with newly hatched Artemia nauplii, three times daily at the rate of 5 nauplii per mL water. The number of newly hatched larvae per female body weight unit was not affected by the female size and ranged between 531 to 1349 larvae g?1. The six batches succeeded from hatching to metamorphosis, and the 11 distinct larval stages described for M. rosenbergii were found. Larvae in all the batches developed more or less at the same pace up to stage V. However, a clear difference in the timing of appearance of the developmental stages was observed between batches and individuals of the same batch during the subsequent stages. The transition from stage V to stage VI and from stage IX to stage X was longer than the passage to other stages and seems to be the critical rearing period of M. vollenhovenii. From day 20 onward to sampling, the larval stage index (LSI) showed that larval development of the batch 1 was significantly faster than for all other batches. The time for first appearance of postlarvae was variable between batches (41–74 days), and batch 1 larvae passed through metamorphosis within a shorter span of time (41 days). Survival up to postlarvae was variable among batches, ranging between 3%–9%, and was better in batch 1 (9.31 ± 1.09). The general poor performance in terms of survival and metamorphosis rates of larvae seems to be related to the wild condition of broodstock. To improve performance of larvae, domestication of stock may be necessary. This result is the first recorded success in larviculture of M. vollenhovenii in Cameroon.  相似文献   

18.
The dietary protein requirement of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii to obtain the maximum body protein retention was assessed by the estimated protein needed daily for maintenance (M) and body protein increment (G). The body protein increment was estimated by quantifying body nitrogen increments when the prawn was fed high‐protein diets composed primarily of casein. The protein required for maintenance was estimated by regressing weight gains in feeding experiments using graded dietary levels of casein. The true daily retention (R) or increase in body protein of the prawn corresponds to the sum of M and G. The values of M, G, and R determined in the present study were 3.86, 0.24, and 4.10 g/kg body weight/d, respectively. On the basis of the daily body protein increment and the net protein utilization of casein (58%), dietary protein requirement of the juvenile M. rosenbergii for maximum body protein retention was suggested to be about 7.1 g/kg body weight/d.  相似文献   

19.
This study was motivated by the need to find a solution to poor egg quality and the resulting mass mortality of hatchery-produced larvae of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. The approach adopted sought to improve the broodstock condition and determine its effect on egg quality using rates of fertilization, hatching and metamorphosis. Broodstock specimens were given four separate dietary treatments (D1–D4), all of which comprised squid and trash fish plus supplements. D2, D3 and D4 were supplemented with bloodworm, bioencapsulated bloodworm and a commercial broodstock diet, respectively. Tricalcic phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) was used to enrich the live bloodworm. The bioencapsulated ration performed better than regular bloodworm and other diets. This was evident from the bioencapsulation results which showed the highest rate of hatching, survival of nauplii and larvae metamorphosing into zoea stage.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of farmed giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) collected from four freshwater farms located in Kerala (India). Microbiological counts on whole, deheaded, and deheaded and deveined prawn as well as on head and intestine were determined. Average counts (log10 cfu g?1) on whole prawn were 6.9 (total mesophilic counts (TPC) at 37°C) and 4.1 (psychrotrophic count at 7°C). The results indicated that the aerobic counts were within the acceptable limit. The levels of enterococci and faecal coliforms in farmed M. rosenbergii were high. There was an increase in the numbers of enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus after deheading. The major groups of bacteria comprising the flora of M. rosenbergii were Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. Farmed M. rosenbergii carried pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus spp., S. aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii biovar sobria and Clostridium perfringens. The results of the study suggest adoption of good farming and post harvest practices to improve the microbiological quality of farmed freshwater prawn.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号