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四轮驱动拖拉机的驱动轮沿前轮辙行驶,在旱地、水田获得良好的牵引性能,因而得列广泛应用,有取代履带拖拉机的趋势。在水田,四轮驱动船式拖拉帆具有优良的越野、牵引性能,其后驱动叶轮除滑前驱动轮轮辙行驶外,还要求后驱动轮轮时沿前驱动轮刺孔行驶,这是更进一步的要求。该文是对沿前刺孔行驶的四轮驱动船式拖拉机动力学的专项试验研究,设计了三轮叶模拟试验装置,对前后轮叶刺孔的最佳偏移距或偏移率、前岳驱动叶轮轮叶的推力、承力和效率,以及影响效率的因素如滑转率、倾角、陷深、轮叶数等进行了深入的试验和探讨。 相似文献
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对１２．４－２８普通花纹轮胎和１２．４－２６中花纹轮胎在旱田土壤条件下的牵引附着性能进行了试验分析。由试验结果可知：驱动轮荷重对普通花纹轮胎的牵引力系数基本无影响，而中花纹轮胎在大载荷下其牵引力系数偏低，在较硬的旱田土壤上，轮胎通过末搅动的土壤与轮胎重复通过对时相比，其牵引力无明显差别，重复通过时其牵引效略高，总体讲，在旱田土壤条件下，两种轮胎在牵引附着力的发挥上差异不大。 相似文献
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为解决牵引式果园运输机绳-轮驱动系统驱动轮绳槽磨损严重而导致牵引滑移失效的问题,该研究对基于渗层强化的果园运输机驱动轮耐磨性能进行了分析。首先通过ANSYS软件探究了驱动轮表面应力应变随其硬度的变化规律;随后采用热扩散沉积（thermal diffusion, TD）技术对45钢驱动轮进行了渗钒与渗硼处理,并对渗层的显微结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损特性进行了对比分析,最后利用运输机模拟台架对渗层强化后驱动轮的应用性能进行了测试。结果表明：驱动轮渗钒层和渗硼层厚度分别为20.9和97.3 μm,均与基材结合较好;且由于渗层中碳化钒、硼化铁等硬质相的存在,渗钒层与渗硼层硬度分别达到22.08和13.45 GPa,较未处理前提升3～4倍;往复摩擦试验下渗钒层与渗硼层表面摩擦系数分别为0.47、0.44,较45钢分别下降19%、24%。运输机模拟台架应用性能测试表明,干摩擦下渗钒与渗硼处理后驱动轮的平均磨损量较45钢分别降低了88%和81%,其中渗钒驱动轮表面磨损较小;油润滑下渗钒与渗硼处理后驱动轮的平均磨损量较45钢分别降低了92%和85%。综上,热扩散渗钒与渗硼处理均可大幅提高驱动轮抗磨性,其中渗钒层具有更高的硬度与耐磨性,但在应用时需进行实时油润滑,更适合对满足定时维护条件下的驱动轮进行强化;而渗硼层耐磨性虽有所降低,但可在干摩擦下使用,更适合对野外山地环境下无法满足润滑的驱动轮进行强化。该研究结果可为改善牵引式果园运输机驱动轮耐磨性提供可行技术方案。 相似文献
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根据湖南省一般淹水水田和旱态水田的圆锥指数承压特性及土壤力学参数剪切特性来设计湖南独轮耕整机的驱动轮。设计驱动轮的依据是:(1)机械原理上公认的共轭啮合定律作为轮叶几何参数的推导依据,以滑转率(相当于齿轮的模数)作为基本推导轮叶基圆、滚动圆、倾角、压力角、轮叶高、轮叶数等几何参数;(2)按照轮叶下土壤流动失效及土壤反力模型试验数据以土壤力学理论分析推导轮叶倾角、数目等参数。设计了三轮样轮,通过在湖南省的夏耕、春耕生产试验,牵引性能试验,获得性能较优、结构较合理的H4、H3型驱动轮,能适应湖南省一般淹水水田和旱态水田使用。 相似文献
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轮式拖拉机水田轮辙覆土装置设计与试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以轮式拖拉机为动力的水稻精量穴播机作业时会在田面压出宽而深的轮辙,严重影响播种质量。为此,该文提出了一种变螺距等径螺旋覆土方式。该文分析了覆土原理,进行了运泥过程动力学和运动学分析,建立了螺旋覆土器的运泥量数学模型,经过理论计算和优化设计,确定了螺旋外径为250 mm、内径80 mm 和最大螺距200 mm 等关键参数。田间试验结果表明：在拖拉机轮辙自动填覆系数大于0.6,拖拉机前进速度不超过1 m/s 条件下,轮辙覆土装置能较好的填覆辙深不超过250 mm,辙宽小于400 mm 的轮辙,并保持泥面平整,满足实际生产要求。研究结果可为拖拉机轮辙覆土装置的研究和设计提供依据。 相似文献
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基于多性能目标的拖拉机运输机组优化设计 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
拖拉机运输机组总体参数的设计目标多元,约束条件复杂,传统经验法和单目标优化法难以使机组综合性能达到最优。该文以机组动力性、牵引点受力情况、附着性能和经济性最优为目标设计了目标函数;通过分析拖拉机运输机组动力学模型,确定了优化参数;通过研究拖拉机运输机组使用性能,制定了约束模型;采用改进型非支配排序遗传算法,导出了拖拉机运输机组总体参数多目标优化算法。以东方红150拖拉机运输机组为实例,优化了原有拖拉机和挂车的重力参数、质心位置和变速器传动比。设计试验与已有单目标优化方案和原始机组对比,结果为:运输Ⅰ挡和运输Ⅱ挡下,最大爬坡度分别提高1.35%、1.68%和1.38%、0.57%;牵引点受力分别减少1 222、703和2 792、2 125 N;驱动轮最大滑转率更接近特征滑转率;燃油消耗量分别下降12.9%和15.8%;改善了机组动力性、牵引点受力、附着性能、经济性,可为拖拉机运输机组配重方案和总体参数设计提供参考。 相似文献
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单轨道山地果园运输机齿条齿形优选 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为减小单轨道山地果园运输机能耗及提高运输效率,该文基于动力学理论建立了运输机驱动轮与轨道齿条啮合的动力学模型,并设计、加工制造了链轮齿形齿条、销轮齿形齿条、摆线齿形齿条。以运输机驱动轮旋转角速度、轨道坡度、齿条齿形为考察因素,以驱动轮与不同齿形齿条啮合时所需提供的驱动扭矩为评价指标,探究齿条齿形对单轨道山地果园运输机力学性能的影响,得到在相同条件下驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩最小,且波动幅度最小。在驱动轮转速为+88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为+0?、+6?、+12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小33.82%,33.45%,21.59%;在驱动轮转速为-88.08 rad/s、轨道坡度分别为-0?、-6?、-12?时,驱动轮与链轮齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值较驱动轮与圆弧齿形齿条啮合时的驱动扭矩均值分别减小35.55%,27.24%,30.43%。试验结果表明,链轮齿形齿条综合性能最优,较圆弧齿形齿条更适宜用于单轨道山地果园运输机的轨道运输中。该研究为单轨道山地果园运输机轨道的结构优化设计提供了参考。 相似文献
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为研究农用柔性底盘偏置转向轴驱动轮的运动与动力特性,设计了基于偏置转向结构的实验台。该实验台是一种水平转盘式的电动驱动轮性能测试试验台,且转盘的回转轴与偏置转向轴同轴,通过对电动轮及其车叉的试验分析来获取驱动轮的动力与运动参数。利用MATLAB/SIMULINK建立试验台模型并模拟了试验过程;试制了试验台并应用Visual Basic开发了试验台记录软件。在额定转速下进行了不同加载量的性能试验并与模拟结果进行了比较。试验结果表明:加载不同载荷时,电动轮达到稳定转速平均时间稳定为0.667 s;承载载荷500 N时的转向力为77.24 N,且偏置轴转向力与载荷呈线性关系,验证了实验台的可行性及模型的有效性。该研究可为偏置转向轴驱动轮的转向及参数优化提供参考。 相似文献
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Little is known of the effects of mechanized harvesting on ground conditions during the harvesting of short-rotation coppice. An investigation was therefore carried out in which different vehicles were used to simulate the effects of wheeling from heavy and light harvesters and crop removal equipment. The experiments were carried out on sites containing Bowles hybrid willow (Salix viminalis) and poplars (Populas rap) and on clay and sandy loam soils. The effect of different vehicles was assessed in terms of rut damage and direct measurements of soil stress using buried sensors. Maximum stresses measured 0.3 m below tractor wheels ranged from 50 to 200 kPa, but the greatest stresses, 350 kPa, were recorded under laden trailer wheels. Maximum stresses measured beneath crawler tracks were only 25 kPa. Similarly, substantial ruts were caused by vehicles simulating wheeled harvesters, the deepest ruts were caused by laden trailers but crawler tracks created least disturbance. Wheeling was carried out at soil water contents above the plastic limit and the deepest ruts were created on clay rather than sandy loam soil. The effects of the stresses generated in the soil could impede future root growth, and the deeper ruts formed could damage existing root systems of coppice. 相似文献
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不同土壤质地和含水率对炭基肥料氮素矿化的影响 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为了探究土壤特性对炭基肥料氮素矿化的影响,采用室内培养和大田小区试验,分析了炭基肥在不同土壤质地(砂质壤土、粉砂质壤土、黏土)及含水率(80%、60%、40%田间最大持水量)条件下,氮素矿化动态变化特征。结果表明:在室内培养条件下,对于不同土壤质地,炭基肥在砂质壤土条件下矿化势最高,其次为黏土,最低的为粉砂质壤土;对于不同田间持水量,在粉砂质壤土条件下,炭基肥矿化势最高的为80%田间最大持水量(80%SMC),其次为60%SMC,最低的是40%SMC;在砂质壤土和黏土条件下,炭基肥的矿化势均表现为60%SMC>80%SMC>40%SMC。培养状态下粉砂质壤土、砂质壤土、黏土条件下最大氮素有效性分别是34.12%、56.31%、41.14%,而在大田条件下,炭基肥单季氮素最大矿化率在粉砂质壤土、砂质壤土、黏土3种土壤质地下分别是50.61%、32.27%、34.29%。 相似文献
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This study assessed the impact of compost on the hydraulic properties of three soils (sandy loam, clay loam and diesel‐contaminated sandy loam) with relatively poor physical quality typical of brownfield sites. Soils were amended with two composts at 750 t/ha. Samples were also collected from a clay‐capped brownfield site, previously amended with 250, 500 or 750 t/ha of compost. Water‐release characteristics and saturated hydraulic conductivity were determined for all soils and physical quality indicators derived. Unsaturated flow in field profiles after compost application with two depths of incorporation and two indigenous subsoils was simulated using Hydrus‐1D. Compost generally increased water retention. Hydraulic conductivity tended to decrease following compost application in sandy loam but increased in clay and clay loam, where compost addition resulted in a larger dominant pore size. Although compost improved physical quality indicators, they remained suboptimum in clay and clay loam soil, which exhibited poor aeration, and in the contaminated sandy loam, where available water capacity was limited, possibly due to changes in wettability. Increasing application rates in the field enhanced water retention at low potentials and hydraulic conductivity near saturation but did not alter physical quality indicators. Numerical simulation indicated that the 500 t/ha application resulted in the best soil moisture regime. Increasing the depth of incorporation in the clay cap improved drainage and reduced waterlogging, but incorporation in more permeable subsoil resulted in prolonged dry conditions to greater depths. 相似文献
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Physical resilience of soil to field compaction and the interactions with plant growth and microbial community structure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. S. Gregory C. W. Watts W. R. Whalley H. L. Kuan B. S. Griffiths P. D. Hallett & A. P. Whitmore 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(6):1221-1232
Soil compaction has deleterious effects on soil physical properties, which can affect plant growth, but some soils are inherently resilient, whereby they may recover following removal of the stress. We explored aspects of soil physical resilience in a field‐based experiment. We subjected three soils of different texture, sown with winter wheat or remaining fallow, to a compaction event. We then monitored soil strength, as a key soil physical property, over the following 16 months. We were also interested in the associated interactions with crop growth and the microbial community. Compaction had a considerable and sustained effect in a sandy loam and a sandy clay loam soil, resulting in an increase in strength and decreased crop yields. By contrast compaction had little effect on a clay soil, perhaps due initially to the buoyancy effect of pore water pressure. Fallow clay soil did have a legacy of the compaction event at depth, however, suggesting that it was the actions of the crop, and rooting in particular, that maintained smaller strengths in the cropped clay soil rather than other physical processes. Compaction generally did not affect microbial communities, presumably because they occupy pores smaller than those affected by compaction. That the clay soil was able to supply the growing crop with sufficient water whilst remaining weak enough for root penetration was a key finding. The clay soil was therefore deemed to be much more resilient to the compaction stress than the sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils. 相似文献
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Wood extraction by heavy machinery has always been associated with soil disturbance in mountain forests,and the degree of soil degradation is influenced by several factors,including site and soil characteristics,soil moisture,type of equipment used,and number of machine passes.The effects of ground-based skidding operations on the physical properties of soils with different texture were evaluated at different levels of traffic frequency and trail gradient at two sites in an Iranian temperate forest.The treatments included combinations of three different traffic frequencies(3,8,and 14 passes of a rubber-tired cable skidder),three levels of trail gradient(10%,10%–20%,and20%) and two soil texture classes,clay loam(Site 1) and sandy loam(Site 2).The average gravimetric soil moisture at the time of skidding was 23%(Site 1) and 20%(Site 2).The average dry bulk density and total porosity of the undisturbed soil(control) were0.71 g cm~(-3) and 73.3% at Site 1(clay loam) and 0.86 g cm~(-3)and 59.1% at Site 2(sandy loam),respectively.At site 1(fine-textured soil),rutting began after three passes of the skidder,whereas at site 2(coarse-textured soil),rutting occurred only after eight passes.Independent of the traffic frequency and trail gradient,machine impact on the fine-textured soil caused greater increases in bulk density and rut depth compared to that on the coarse-textured soil.After three skidder passes and independent from trail gradients,dry bulk density at Site 1 increased by 54.8% compared to that of the undisturbed control,and the increase was 45.5% at Site 2.Therefore,medium to fine-textured soils are more susceptible to compaction than coarse-textured soils.Such soils,especially when moist,should be protected using brush mats created from harvesting residues during the forest processing phase. 相似文献
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基于Hydrus-1D模型的玉米根系吸水影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探索土壤质地、植物生长状况和气象条件对不同土壤水分条件下根系吸水速率的影响机理,该文以相对根吸水速率与土壤含水率的关系衡量土壤水分有效性,利用Hydrus-1D模型模拟了3种土壤（壤黏土、黏壤土和砂壤土）中不同玉米生长状况（包括叶面积指数、根系深度和根系剖面分布）或蒸发力条件下根系吸水速率随含水率的动态变化,确定了不同条件下根系吸水速率开始降低的临界含水率。结果表明：土壤质地、植物的叶面积指数和根系分布及大气蒸发力都对根系吸水动态曲线的临界含水率有一定影响,其中根系深度和根系分布形状还影响根系吸水速率与含水率关系曲线的形状,但在3种土壤中,根系吸水速率的动态变化对植物生长和大气蒸发力的响应不同。总体而言,3种土壤临界含水率的大小是壤黏土＞黏壤土＞砂壤土;临界含水率随大气蒸发力的升高而升高,随根系深度和深层根系分布的增加而降低;各因子对玉米根系吸水影响程度的大小是土壤质地＞根系分布形状＞根系深度＞大气蒸发力＞叶面积指数。 相似文献
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To investigate on-farm strategies for the site-specific application of nitrogen fertiliser, two hypotheses were tested: that maximum economic output is either obtained by applying more nitrogen to the historically highest yielding soil and less to the lowest yielding soil, or by the reverse strategy.Field experiments were conducted in 1997, 1998 and 1999 on a commercially managed field of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), comprising a clay loam and a sandy loam, in Cambridgeshire, UK. The experiments were carried out in a strip-based design using on-farm equipment. In all 3 yr, at typical application rates of 100–200 kg[N] ha−1, there were significant differences between the yield of the clay loam and the sandy loam soil. When rainfall in the February to July period of the growing season was higher than average, the sandy loam soil yielded significantly higher than the clay loam soil and the reverse occurred when the rainfall was lower.Despite the above factors, analysis showed that the maximum of the yield response curve for each soil, occurred at the same application rate in each growing season. Given this relationship, there was no economic benefit from variable rate application of nitrogen to different soil units based upon historic yield, or any other form of information. 相似文献
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The soil reactions of bent leg ploughs, as influenced by tool angles, need to be studied in detail in order to optimise their performance under different soil and operational conditions. In a field study conducted at Kumulur, south India, three bent leg tool models, with 30°, 37.5° and 45° bend angles, were tested for their soil reactions in a Typic Ustocrept (loamy sand) and a Typic Chromustert (clay loam) soil, under different speeds of operation and rake angles. A simple and reliable instrumentation system, capable of measuring the soil reactions of the tools, was developed and used in this study. Mathematical response models were built on these soil reactions to optimise the parametric levels yielding maximum performance. It was found that the tool, while working in the Ustocrept (loamy sand) and Chromustert (clay loam) soils, should have a rake angle between 9° and 15° for minimum horizontal and lateral soil reactions, and maximum downward suction, aiding penetration. 相似文献
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不同质地土壤上烤烟氮素积累、分配及利用率的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
【目的】土壤质地能概括反映土壤内在的肥力特征,对土壤养分供应具有调控作用,是影响农田中土壤氮素供应和氮肥利用的重要因素。本试验通过在皖南烟区3种质地(壤土、黏壤、砂壤)土壤上施用等量氮肥来研究其对烤烟不同生育期的氮素吸收、积累及利用特征的影响,旨在为烟田土壤改良及烤烟合理施肥提供理论依据。【方法】在皖南烟区现代农业科技园的典型壤土、黏壤和砂壤土上分别建立田间试验,采用15N田间微区试验和室内分析相结合的研究方法,在烤烟的团棵期(移栽后38 d)、现蕾期(移栽后53 d)、平顶期(移栽后64d)和成熟期(移栽后103 d),采集长势一致的烟株样品,测定烟株各部位的生物量,并采用凯氏定氮法检测其全氮含量,采用ZHTO2型同位素质谱仪测定其15N丰度。【结果】皖南烟区壤土和黏壤土上烤烟总氮和肥料氮积累均随生育期呈单峰变化,在烤烟平顶期达最大,总氮积累量分别为4.25 g/plant和3.96 g/plant,肥料氮积累量分别为2.34 g/plant和2.54 g/plant,而砂壤土上烤烟到成熟期其总氮和肥料氮的积累量达到最大,分别是5.64 g/plant和2.73 g/plant,均显著高于同时期的壤土和黏壤;壤土、黏壤和砂壤土上烤烟均以叶部肥料氮占总氮比例及氮素分配率较高,茎部次之,根部最低;不同质地土壤上烤烟氮肥利用率与肥料氮的积累动态具有一致的变化趋势,其中壤土和黏壤在平顶期最大,分别为34.5%和40.7%,之后壤土利用率缓慢下降,黏壤下降幅度较大,而砂壤土上烤烟氮肥利用率在生育期内呈上升趋势,至成熟期最大,为43.7%。【结论】不同质地土壤上烟株对氮素的吸收利用顺序为砂壤壤土黏壤,黏壤土在烤烟生育期内供氮能力较弱,应合理调控土壤氮的矿化及增加肥料氮的供应;砂壤土氮肥利用率较高,应严格控制氮肥的施用量。 相似文献