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1.
对扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)和塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizothoraxbiddulphi)细胞色素c氧化酶亚基(COI)基因片段进行扩增。通过序列测定得到624bp的基因片段,无碱基的插入和缺失,A、T、G、C碱基中G含量最低,A+T含量高于G+C含量,与其它鱼类COI基因片段研究结果相一致。2个种间共检测到38处核苷酸替换,其中35处碱基转换,3处碱基颠换,蛋白质编码基因上的核苷酸替代主要是密码子第3位点上的同义替换。在编码的208个氨基酸中,仅发生2处氨基酸替代,替代率为0.96%。采用Kimura-2法计算种间平均遗传距离为0.06,以鲤作外群构建NJ系统树,扁吻鱼和塔里木裂腹鱼亲缘关系较近,而与新疆裸重唇鱼、斑重唇鱼亲缘关系较远。  相似文献   

2.
运用多变量形态度量学方法结合线粒体COI基因序列,比较分析了新疆和田河两支流（喀拉喀什河、玉龙喀什河）塔里木裂腹鱼（Schizothorax biddulphi）和厚唇裂腹鱼（S.irregularis）的遗传差异。对这两种鱼67尾的31个测量指标进行分析,其中5个性状表现出极显著差异（P〈0.01）,6个性状表现出显著差异（P〈0.05）。在主成分散点图中,这两种裂腹鱼个体间存在交叉现象,没有明显界限,二者外部形态差异较小,难以有效区分。分析了627bp的COI基因序列碱基组成,均表现为G碱基含量最低而C碱基含量最高,A＋T含量大于C＋G含量。26尾塔里木裂腹鱼和厚唇裂腹鱼共检测到6种单倍型和5个核苷酸多态位点,其单倍型多样度分别为0.733和0.556,核苷酸多样度分别为0.00158和0.00089,其中417bp处的C/T转换为二者特有。  相似文献   

3.
为确定DNA条形码技术在西藏水系裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)物种鉴定中的可行性,利用西藏水系所采集260尾裂腹鱼亚科样本,测定其线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基1(COI)基因片段序列,计算遗传距离,构建系统发育树,并与GenBank中相关序列进行比对。260个样本经检测均获得有效COI基因扩增片段,COI基因碱基组成偏倚明显,A+T含量为54.74%,显著高于G+C含量(45.26%)。基于Kimura双参数模型计算遗传距离,遗传距离阈值设置为0.02时,260个样本可被鉴定到种的为249尾样本,11尾由于样本量少,数据库中存在多个命名,只鉴定到属,其中与形态学鉴定一致的179尾样本,一致率为68.8%,裂腹鱼亚科裸鲤属(Gymnocypris)不能通过COI基因鉴定到种,拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothoracinae)、异齿裂腹鱼(S.schizothorax o#x02BC;connori)、巨须裂腹鱼(S.macropogon)3个种之间的遗传距离阈值以0.02不能有效鉴别,而遗传距离阈值以0.01作为这3个种的鉴定标准,可达到有效鉴别的目的。基于邻接法构建系统发育树,裂腹鱼亚科鱼类形成一个支持率较高的单系群,Bootstrap检验支持率为99%,系统进化树聚类方式与以遗传距离值为标准的鉴定结果一致,很好地反映了水系物种间的地理和历史联系。  相似文献   

4.
两种黄盖鲽线粒体DNA部分片段比较分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
张岩  肖永双  高天翔  于函 《水产学报》2009,33(2):201-207
比较分析了钝吻黄盖鲽（Pleuronectes yokohama）和尖吻黄盖鲽（P. herzensteini）线粒体基因组COI、Cyt b基因以及D-Loop片段总长度为1373 bp的核苷酸序列,两种间共检测到107处核苷酸替换,蛋白质编码基因上的核苷酸替代主要是第三密码子位点上的同义替换。核苷酸组成分析结果表明：三个目的片段的鸟嘌呤（G）含量普遍较低,在两个蛋白编码基因第三密码子位点上表现得尤为明显。两种黄盖鲽在线粒体基因组不同片段上存在明显的遗传分化,核苷酸替代速率最快的是D-Loop,COI和Cyt b核苷酸替代速率基本一致。建议在进行黄盖鲽属鱼类分子系统发育研究时,应该针对不同研究目的选择合适的分子标记。基于Cyt b基因片段序列的分析结果表明：钝吻黄盖鲽和尖吻黄盖鲽两种的分岐时间约为200万年,两种间的分化事件发生在更新世（Pleistocene）。  相似文献   

5.
任永丽  代金彩  赵年桦  赵贺  魏杰  聂竹兰 《水产学报》2022,46(12):2274-2285
为探究塔里木裂腹鱼群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化现状,选用车尔臣河、克孜勒河和阿克苏河3个不同地理种群的塔里木裂腹鱼共计126尾样本,进行线粒体DNA COII和ND4基因序列的对比分析,探讨了2种标记对塔里木裂腹鱼遗传多样性分析结果的差异和关系。结果显示,塔里木裂腹鱼线粒体DNA COII和ND4基因序列的A+T含量均高于G+C含量,碱基组成具有偏倚性。基于线粒体DNA COII和ND4基因序列分析,126个样本中分别确定了6个和23个单倍型,其中线粒体DNA COII基因序列中3个群体存在共享单倍型现象,线粒体DNA ND4基因序列中未发现3个群体间存在共享单倍型。2种标记下群体的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.738±0.019/0.904±0.014和0.02129±0.00298/0.04876±0.00149,呈现出高单倍型多态性和高核苷酸多态性的特征。2种标记的分子方差分析（AMOVA）均表明,在所有群体中遗传变异主要来源于群体间,且车尔臣河群体的塔里木裂腹鱼与其他2个群体的遗传分化均达到显著水平（P<0.05）。贝叶斯法（BI）构建的BI树与单倍型网络图结构一致,塔里木裂腹鱼形成了2个分支。COII和ND4基因序列的岐点分布图均呈现双峰型,表明塔里木裂腹鱼现在的分布是先前分化种群发生二次交流的结果。种群结构分析结果亦表明塔里木裂腹鱼已分化出2个明显的地理种群,故建议将车尔臣河群体作为塔里木裂腹鱼的亚种。  相似文献   

6.
本文采用磁珠富集法筛选新疆扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps Day)的微卫星分子标记,获得13个位点,同时随机抽取1000对鲤引物检测扁吻鱼同源位点的多态性,获得具多态性位点18对。应用31对引物对扁吻鱼与塔里木裂腹鱼(Schizthorax biddulphi)进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到110个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数为2~6个,扁吻鱼群体平均多态信息含量为0.5353,平均观测杂合度为0.5306,平均期望杂合度为0.6057。表明扁吻鱼群体多态性较高,遗传多样性处于中等偏上水平。群体间遗传距离为0.4763,遗传相似系数为0.6211,表明两个群体为同科不同属的群体。  相似文献   

7.
运用线粒体D-loop区与COI基因片段序列比较分析了养殖与野生银鲳群体的遗传多样性。研究结果显示,线粒体D-loop区片段中,A、T、C与G4种核苷酸的平均含量分别为40.00%、30.55%、16.75%和12.70%,A+T的含量为70.55%,明显高于G+C的含量。COI基因片段中,A、T、C和G的平均含量分别为25.85%、33.90%、21.30%和18.85%,A+T的含量(59.75%)同样高于G+C的含量。基于D-loop序列分析所得出的两群体总的变异位点、单倍型数、单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性及平均核苷酸差异数分别为19、15、0.895、0.007和2.505。基于COI基因所得出的两群体总的变异位点、单倍型数、单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性及平均核苷酸差异数分别为33、17、0.713、0.004和2.239。基于线粒体D-loop区与COI基因片段序列的研究结果均显示,养殖银鲳群体的遗传多样性低于野生群体的遗传多样性。养殖群体基于线粒体D-loop区与COI基因片段分析得出的单倍型多样性分别为0.562与0.571,野生群体基于线粒体D-loop区与COI基因片段分析得出的单倍型多样性分别...  相似文献   

8.
基于16S rRNA和Cyt b基因序列探讨2种梅童鱼的遗传分化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
比较分析了棘头梅童鱼（Collichthys lucidus）和黑鳃梅童鱼（C.niveatus）的16SrRNA和Cytb基因片段序列差异及遗传分化程度。在长度为526bp的16SrRNA和379bp的Cytb基因片段的核苷酸序列中,2种间共检测到44处核苷酸替代。分析结果表明,2个基因片段的鸟嘌呤（G）含量较低,在Cytb蛋白质编码基因第三密码子位点上表现尤为明显。基于16SrRNA和Cytb基因片段分析结果显示,2种间平均遗传距离分别为0．012和0．111。构建的系统树显示2种梅童鱼在这2个基因片段上存在显著的遗传分化。根据Cytb基因2％／百万年的进化速率推断,棘头梅童鱼与黑鳃梅童鱼的分化时间约为550万年,发生于上新世（Pliocene）早期。  相似文献   

9.
塔里木盆地鱼类生物地理学初步解析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
塔里木盆地与青藏高原地理位置邻近,但地形地貌、气候水文差别显著,而两地的鱼类区系组成却均以裂腹鱼和高原鳅为主。本文依据现代生物地理学研究方法,以裂腹鱼和高原鳅的起源与演化为线索,结合塔里木盆地的地质、气候变迁,探究塔里木盆地鱼类空间分布格局形成原因及过程,研究塔里木盆地与青藏高原两地间鱼类的关系。结果显示:中新世晚期至上新世末塔里木盆地出现的从外围山地向沙漠腹地流向的水文网雏形,使不同进化水平的裂腹鱼和高原鳅在以后不同的地质时期陆续随地表径流从青藏高原(昆仑山)、天山等塔里木盆地周边山地进入该盆地成为可能。扁吻鱼Aspiorhynchus laticeps(Day)、塔里木裂腹鱼Schizothorax(Racoma)biddulphi Günrher、叶尔羌高原鳅Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis yarkandensis(Day)、隆额高原鳅T.(T.)bombifrons(Herzenstein)和长身高原鳅T(Triplophysa)tenuis(Day)5种鱼类可能是裂腹鱼类和高原鳅类某些较为原始的类群在晚中新世-早更新世进入塔里木盆地,在地理隔离下,趋异进化适应辐射形成的物种。宽口裂腹鱼S.(Schizothorax)eurystomus(Kessler)、扁嘴裂腹鱼S.(R.)esocinus Heckel、厚唇裂腹鱼S.(R.)irregularis Day、重唇裂腹鱼S.(R.)barbatus Mcclelland、斑重唇鱼Diptychus maculatus steindachner、新疆裸重唇鱼Gymnodiptychus dybowskii(Kessler)、斯氏高原鳅T.(T.)stoliczkae(Steindachuner)7种鱼类可能发生在塔里木盆地周边的山地及青藏高原,第四纪陆续进入塔里木盆地。进入塔里木盆地的鱼类在环境的选择压力下、种间和种内的竞争中,受多重因子的共同作用,逐步形成近现代的区系及空间分布格局。塔里木盆地和青藏高原两地主要的鱼类起源的种类和时间基本一致,演化发生的地区地形、气候显著不同,形成了区系结构相似、种类组成各具地域性的特点。近50年来,受灌溉引水、筑坝发电等人为影响,塔里木盆地鱼类资源量迅速衰减,分布范围大幅缩小。  相似文献   

10.
2015年5月,在西藏雅鲁藏布江中游的桑日、朗县段水域开展鱼类调查,发现了1种疑似为拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)和异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)的自然杂交种群体。形态学研究显示,该种的吻、口部、下颌、须等头部上的形态特征居于拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼之间,并明显区别于双亲,且群体中个体的头部形态稳定一致,均具有典型的中间型特征,个体间没有明显差异。基于线粒体COI基因条形码分析显示,在杂交种群体共15个样本中,有4个与拉萨裂腹鱼为同源,其余11个与异齿裂腹鱼为同源,各自间的亲缘关系很近,即杂交种群体中既有属于拉萨裂腹鱼遗传基因的个体,也有属于异齿裂腹的遗传基因的个体。综合以上研究表明,拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼在雅鲁藏布江中游的桑日等自然水域中能够自由杂交而产生后代,且两者都可以互为父母本,但以异齿裂腹鱼为母本产生的杂交种在群体中占多数,推测特殊的生态环境可能促使拉萨裂腹鱼和异齿裂腹鱼在自然水域中容易杂交。  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

13.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.  相似文献   

19.
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.  相似文献   

20.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

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