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1.
Intact chicks and those that had their glands of Harder (GH) removed (GHx) at 1 day of age were studied for their response to optically or intraperitoneally (IP) applied antigens. Following exposure of the chicks to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), killed Brucella abortus, or bovine serum albumin (BSA), serum and tear samples were collected and assayed for antibodies. Of the two sources of antibodies, the serum generally had higher levels than did the tears. The only exception to this occurred in the intact chicks inoculated by the eye, in which serum and tear levels were equivalent. With SRBCs, no difference could be detected between the two routes of inoculation. However, IP inoculation produced higher levels of antibody in the serum of intact and GHx chicks inoculated with B. abortus or BSA and in the tears of the GHx chicks exposed to B. abortus. Removal of the GH resulted in a consistent decrease in antibody levels in the tears, regardless of the route of exposure. Although this effect was noted with all three antigens, it was more pronounced in the trials using B. abortus and BSA. This finding is discussed in terms of describing the importance of the GH as a source of antibodies to optically applied antigens, and its importance as a route of circulating antibody egress. Furthermore, the feasibility of using the antibody response in tears to a test antigen is discussed as a means of measuring the immune status of a functioning GH. 相似文献
2.
J J Giambrone J P Donahoe D L Dawe C S Eidson 《American journal of veterinary research》1977,38(5):581-583
Chicks which had been inoculated with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day of age had a severe depression of bursa-dependent humoral immune functions by day 42. Antibody responses against rabbit red blood cells or to immunization with bovine serum albumin were significantly suppressed. In contrast, chicks inoculated with IBDV at 21 days of age produced near normal antibody responses as compared with the responses in noninfected control chicks. The IBDV had no significant effect on the thymus-dependent cellular responses as measured by skin graft rejection or delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin. 相似文献
3.
Newby TJ Stokes CR Huntley J Evans P Bourne FJ 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1979,1(1):37-47
The immune response of pigs fed 200 mg per day of dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin has been evaluated in terms of the antibody and lymphocyte responses and of the induction of tolerance and immune exclusion. Although dosing for ten days resulted in a small IgA response as indicated by splenic plaque forming cells, serum antibody could only be detected when dosing was continued for 42 days. secretory antibody was detected at any time. Antigen feeding for two weeks rendered the animals hyporesponsive to subsequent parenteral antigenic challenge but had little effect upon their ability to exclude an oral dose of antigen from the circulation. 相似文献
4.
J L Fitzpatrick M Bailey D A Harbour C R Stokes 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1992,34(3-4):245-257
Adult ponies which were fed ovalbumin (OVA) daily for 2 weeks had significantly greater serum anti-OVA IgG (P = 0.001) and antigen specific lymphocyte responses (P = 0.031) after intramuscular injection with OVA given with saponin than control ponies which had not been fed the antigen. This suggests that, despite the lack of evidence of B- or T-cell activation in peripheral blood during the period of OVA feeding, the animals were primed for an active secondary immune response. Adult ponies were challenged with equine rotavirus, strain H-2, but no statistically significant differences were found in serum IgG-associated antibody responses or antigen-specific lymphocyte responses between the rotavirus-challenged group and the control group, either following rotavirus challenge or intramuscular injection of rotavirus antigen given with saponin. Our findings, that feeding the non-replicating protein antigen OVA appeared to prime for an increased immune response rather than inducing oral tolerance, may be of relevance to future studies on the way the equine gastrointestinal tract handles usually harmless antigens. 相似文献
5.
Effect of feeding frequency on bacterial and fungal concentrations, pH, and other parameters in the rumen. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Three sheep were fed a pelleted high-roughage diet either once, 6, or 24 times per day in a 3 x 3 Latin square trial. During each 21-d period, 14 d were allowed for adaptation followed by a 7-d collection period, in which samples for microbial counts were taken on d 1 and 5 and several rumen parameters were measured on d 2 and 6. Bacterial concentrations were not different between feeding frequencies on the first sampling day but were higher (P < 0.05) on the second sampling day when the sheep were fed 24 times a day. Fungal concentrations were not different among feeding frequencies on either sampling day. No effects of feeding frequency were observed for the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria or fungi. On d 2, ruminal volume was larger (P < 0.05) with six feedings than with one feeding and fluid volume turnover was greater (P < 0.05) when sheep were fed 24 times per day. Rumen pH values were higher (P < 0.01) on both d 1 and 5 when the sheep were fed once a day and the percentage of rumen dry matter was highest (P < 0.02) with 24 feedings. These findings would suggest that if the same amount of a given diet is fed daily, the number of feedings does not markedly affect microbial concentrations, rumen volume, or liquid turnover time. 相似文献
6.
左旋咪唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用 总被引：38，自引：2，他引：38
系统研究了左旋咪唑对鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的作用。结果表明左旋咪唑可影响正常鸡的免疫功能 :左旋咪唑可显著促进鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖 ,但对B淋巴细胞无明显影响 :2 5～ 1 0mg/kg左旋咪唑可使CD+4/CD+8淋巴细胞比值明显升高 ;左旋咪唑可使鸡体内抗颗粒性、胸腺依赖性抗原SRBC抗体滴度 ,抗可溶性、胸腺依赖性抗原BSA抗体滴度和抗非胸腺依赖性抗原BA抗体滴度均明显升高 ;2 5～ 1 0mg/kg左旋咪唑可使鸡血清总补体活性明显升高。左旋咪唑影响正常鸡回忆性免疫应答反应 :左旋咪唑 ( 1 0mg/kg)可使二次免疫鸡抗SRBC抗体滴度和抗BA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显升高 ;但使鸡对抗BSA抗体滴度回忆性免疫应答反应明显降低。 相似文献
7.
E D Heller G Leitner A Friedman Z Uni M Gutman A Cahaner 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1992,34(1-2):159-172
Our group has established two lines of meat-type chickens divergently selected for early (HC line) and late (LC line) antibody responsiveness at 10 days of age to immunization with inactivated pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria. The question addressed in the study presented here is whether this selection has changed other immunological responses, increasing the overall 'early' immunocompetence. Broilers of the third and fourth generations (S3 and S4) of the selected lines (HC and LC) and a control, unselected line (CT) were vaccinated at 10 days of age with E. coli vaccine, Newcastle virus vaccine (NDV), sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). Line-HC chicks exhibited higher antibody titers to E. coli, NDV and SRBC than CT or LC chicks. At 20 days of age HC chicks demonstrated a higher total protein and a higher beta- and gamma-globulin levels in their serum. At 21 days of age, HC chicks cleared carbon particles faster than LC chicks. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from HC chicks vaccinated with E. coli vaccine, proliferated in vitro more actively in the presence of the stimulating antigen than the PBL of LC chicks. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from HC-line chicks exhibited a higher proliferative response to concanavalin A (Con A)-, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulation than LC PBL. These results demonstrate that the selection for high or low antibody response to E. coli at a young age resulted also in a significant change in the response of other parameters of the immune system. The high response to E. coli was found to be associated with a high antibody response to other antigens (NDV and SRBC), increased phagocytic activity and increased proliferative response to antigen or mitogens. The selection most probably affected early immunocompetence. 相似文献
8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to healthy dogs alters the results of the bile acids tolerance test. METHODS: UDCA (15 mg/kg once daily) was administered to 16 healthy dogs for 7 days. Health of the dogs was assessed by clinical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry and a bile acids tolerance test. Normal liver structure was confirmed by histopathology at the end of the study. Bile acids tolerance tests were performed before and at the end of the treatment period, with each dog serving as its own control. For the posttreatment bile acids tolerance test, UDCA was administered at the time of feeding. RESULTS: Pretreatment, the fasted serum total bile acid concentrations ranged between 0 and 9 micromol/L. In the majority of dogs, the postprandial total bile acid concentration was greater than the preprandial value, with a range of 0 to 16 micromol/L. The fasted total bile acid concentration was 0 micromol/L in most dogs (93.75%) after treatment with UDCA. Postprandial serum bile acids also remained within the reference range for the majority of dogs (93.75%) after UDCA treatment. A single dog had a postprandial bile acid concentration above the reference range, but the concentration was within the reference range when the assay was repeated the following day without concurrent administration of UDCA. The pre- and postprandial total serum bile acid concentrations were not significantly affected by UDCA treatment. CONCLUSION: The administration of UDCA does not alter the bile acids tolerance test of normal healthy dogs. 相似文献
9.
The individual and combined effects of feeding fumonisin B1 (FB1; 0, 100, 200 mg FB1/kg) and moniliformin (M; 0, 100, 200 mg M/kg) were evaluated using a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Significant mortality (P < 0.05) occurred in chicks fed all diets containing 200 mg M/kg (50%-65%). Compared with controls and chicks fed FB1, both feed intake and body weight gain were decreased (P < 0.05) in chicks fed diets containing 100 mg M/kg. Chicks fed M had heavier heart weights (P < 0.05) than control chicks or chicks fed FB1. Compared with controls, chicks fed diets containing 200 mg M/kg or a combination of 200 mg FB1/kg and 100 mg M/kg had increased kidney and liver weights (P < 0.05). Significant FB1 by M interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for serum total protein and aspartate aminotransferase. Mild to moderate periportal extramedullary hematopoiesis and mild focal hepatic necrosis were observed in chicks fed FB1 alone. An increased incidence of large pleomorphic cardiomyocyte nuclei, loss of cardiomyocytes, and mild focal renal tubular mineralization were observed in chicks fed M alone. Both cardiac and renal lesions were observed in chicks fed combinations of FB1 and M. Data indicate FB1 and M, alone or in combination, can adversely affect chick performance and health at these dietary concentrations. The interactive effects of FB1 and M were not synergistic and were less than additive in nature. At the dietary concentrations studied, M is much more toxic to broilers than FB1. 相似文献
10.
Effect of age on absorption and immune responses to weaning or introduction of novel dietary antigens in pigs 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Pigs weaned at three weeks old absorb food protein antigens from the intestine. The amount of antigen absorbed declines over the next three weeks, and this decline is associated with an increasing level of serum antibody to the fed proteins. There was no difference in the rate of immune elimination of intravenously injected antigen in fed and unfed controls. The reduction of serum antigen is thus likely to reflect reduced absorption, possibly mediated by locally produced antibody. Pigs weaned at 10 weeks old also absorbed antigens and produced an antibody response when introduced to soya; and after three weeks of feeding soya the absorption of antigen was substantially reduced. This latter exclusion was specific for soya as a second novel protein (ovalbumin) was absorbed when introduced to the diet at this time. At six months, pigs no longer absorbed soya proteins when they were introduced to the diet. Furthermore, pigs of this age had serum 'antibody' to soya and other proteins such as keyhole limpet haemocyanin to which they had never been exposed. 相似文献
11.
Effect of virginiamycin on serum carotenoid levels and long, segmented, filamentous organisms in broiler chicks. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
P C Allen 《Avian diseases》1992,36(4):852-857
Virginiamycin (Stafac 20) was mixed with feed at three levels recommended for chickens--5.5, 11, and 22 mg/kg (respectively 5, 10 and 20 g/ton)--and fed to broiler chicks. When fed from 1 day through 2 weeks of age, the drug appeared to retard infection of the lower small intestine by long, segmented, filamentous organisms (LSFOs), and at 2 weeks of age serum carotenoids in treated chicks were significantly higher than levels found in unmedicated chicks. However, as chicks were grown out to 4 and 6 weeks of age, the drug did not completely prevent eventual LSFO infection, even at the highest dose, and mean serum carotenoid levels in treated chicks were not significantly different from levels in control chicks. However, chicks fed at the level of 22 mg/kg had fewer LSFOs. Withdrawal of virginiamycin from treated chicks at 4 weeks of age allowed LSFO infection to occur but did not significantly affect serum carotenoid levels. When the drug was fed for 2 weeks at 22 mg/kg to 2-week-old chicks already infected with LSFOs, the bacteria could no longer be detected, suggesting that virginiamycin may aid the natural decline in LSFO population. Coincident with this treatment, serum carotenoids were higher, but not significantly so. Virginiamycin did not significantly increase the mean body weights of chicks in any of these experiments. 相似文献
12.
N. K. Praharaj W. B. Gross E. A. Dunnington I. Nir P. B. Siegel 《British poultry science》1996,37(4):779-786
1. Immunoresponsiveness and disease resistance were measured in broiler males maintained on ad libitum feeding throughout or on alternate‐day feeding. Alternate‐day restrictions were started 1 and 2 d after hatch so that on any one day there were chicks fed and fasted.
2. Severity of response to E. coli challenge as measured by lesion scores, and mortality was greater for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days. For chicks fed on alternate days, lesion scores were lower for those without access to feed for the 24‐h period immediately after challenge.
3. Spleen weights, the indicator of response to marble spleen disease virus challenge, were higher for chicks fed ad libitum than those fed on alternate days.
4. Antibody response to sheep red blood cell antigen was not affected by feeding regimen.
5. Ratios of heterophils to lymphocytes were higher for chicks given access to feed for the previous 24‐h period than for those fasted during the previous 24‐h or those that had been fed ad libitum.
6. Results of this experiment suggest that for alternate‐day feeding programs, vaccination be administered on the day that chicks are not fed. 相似文献
13.
M A Goodwin J Brown M A Smeltzer T Girshick S L Miller T G Dickson 《Avian diseases》1992,36(2):356-358
Antibody titers for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus, Newcastle disease virus, and reovirus from chicks with chicken anemia agent (CAA) antibodies were compared with antibody titers from their CAA-antibody-negative counterparts. These comparisons were made in 396 chickens that were 1 day, 2 weeks, 8-9 weeks, 10 weeks, 17 weeks, or 29-32 weeks old. Only one serum sample was collected from any given chick or chicken. There were no significant differences between the antibody titers at any age for any antigen, with one exception: at 29-32 weeks, the IBDV titers were higher (t = 2.62, df = 142, P less than 0.01) in chickens with CAA antibody. Although not at all likely, we believe that the observation of high IBDV antibody titers in CAA-antibody-positive chicks could have been a spurious one. 相似文献
14.
1. The potential for improving the nutritive value of commercial solvent-extracted, heat-treated soya-bean meal (SBM) by protease treatment was measured using growing broiler chicks and tube-fed broiler cockerels. 2. SBM was pre-treated (50 degrees C for 2 h) with water alone; at alkaline pH (initial pH 8.25) with and without protease P1 (isolated from a Bacillus species) or at acid pH (initial pH 4.5) with and without protease P2 (isolated from an Aspergillus species) and incorporated into diets (290 g SBM/kg diet) for broiler chicks (20 chicks/treatment). Only protease P2 treatment improved chick performance; from 7 to 28 d of age, chicks fed on treated SBM had greater feed intakes and gained more weight than chicks fed on untreated SBM. Both proteases P1 and P2 significantly reduced chick serum anti-soya antibodies while protease P2 treatment increased apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility and apparent N retention across the whole digestive tract. 3. Two tube-feeding experiments established that, of the treated SBMs used in experiment 1, only protease P2 treatment improved apparent N digestibility and true metabolisable energy. Also it was shown that increasing the temperature at which treated SBM was dried to 60 degrees C, compared with freeze-drying or drying at 50 degrees C reduced apparent N digestibility and true metabolisable energy of SBM with no significant interactions between enzyme treatment and drying temperature for both apparent N digestibility and TME. 4. It is concluded that, overall, the nutritional value of SBM assayed in a growth trial and by tube feeding was improved by treatment with protease P2 and not by treatment with protease P1. 相似文献
15.
1. Two-week-old male chicks of a light-bodied strain were fed one (1M) or two (2M) 2-h meals per day. An additional group was pair-fed (P1M) the amount consumed by the 1M group on the previous day. 2. After 21 days, final body weight of the 1M and 2M chicks attained 65% and 80%, respectively, of that of the control group fed ad libitum. The weight gain of the P1M chicks was equal to that of the 1M chicks. 3. Food consumption of chicks adapted to meals was not even throughout the feeding period. On day 16 of the experiment, the 1M birds consumed 65% of the meal during the first 30 min. P1M chicks behaved similarly to the 1M ones. The intake of the 2M chicks during each meal was exactly half of their daily consumption, despite the uneven time period between meals. 4. The time during which food remained in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was longer under the meal feeding regimes than in the ad libitum-fed groups. 5. Although neither body composition nor metabolisable energy was affected by meal regime, food utilisation was poorer in the 1M and P1M than in the ad libitum and 2M-fed chicks. 相似文献
16.
Kumar P Jain KK Munilkumar S Sahu NP Siddaiah GM Saha H 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2012,96(6):1012-1019
A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to delineate the effect of alternate day feeding strategy of sub‐optimal protein level on haematological parameters, serum parameters and phagocyte respiratory burst activity (NBT) in Labeo rohita juveniles. One hundred and thirty‐five fingerlings (1.87 ± 0.01–2.26 ± 0.05 g) were distributed in triplicate groups of each treatment, and fish were fed at 5% body weight daily. Three experimental isocaloric (401.32–410.28 kcal/100 g) diets of 30%, 25%, and 20% crude protein designated as diet A, diet B, and diet C respectively, were prepared, using locally available feed ingredients. Three different feeding schedules of normal protein diet continuously (diet A‐30%), alternate feeding of 1‐day diet A followed by 1‐day diet B (1A/1B) and alternate feeding of 1‐day diet A followed by 1‐day diet C (1A/1C) were tested. The total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in the group T1 fed (1A/1B), and the lowest count was recorded in the group T2 fed (1A/1C). Total leucocyte counts, total serum protein, and serum globulin were higher in the group T1 fed (1A/1B) and lower in the group T2 fed (1A/1C) as compare to control. The respiratory burst activity (NBT) of blood phagocytes and serum A‐to‐G ratio was recorded significantly difference in among the treatment groups. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that alternate feeding of 1‐day diet A followed by 1‐day diet B (1A/1B) is equally effective and promote the immunity in Labeo rohita juveniles. 相似文献
17.
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OA) on Escherichia coli-challenged broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks were separated into two groups of 92 chicks each, with one group fed a control mash diet, and the other fed a mash diet containing 2 ppm OA. On day 14, each group was further separated into two groups, with one group inoculated with E. coli O78 (1 x 10(7) colony-forming units/0.5 ml), whereas the other group was not inoculated with E. coli. After E. coli inoculation on day 14, four birds from each group were euthanatized at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days postinoculation. Escherichia coli infection caused dullness, depression, huddling, and diarrhea. Mortality was 14.3% in chicks infected with E. coli but fed no OA. Mortality increased to 35.7% in chicks fed OA and infected with E. coli. Decreased body weight and reduced feed intake were observed in chicks fed OA, and the effects were more pronounced in chicks fed OA and infected with E. coli. Increased serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, and creatinine and decreased levels of total proteins, albumin, globulins, calcium, and phosphorus were observed in OA-fed birds. Escherichia coli infection did not cause significant alteration in any of the serum biochemical parameters. The presence of OA in poultry rations increased mortality and the severity of an E. coli infection. 相似文献
18.
1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of early-age food restriction on heat shock protein (hsp) 70 synthesis in the brains of female broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperatures. 2. Chicks were brooded for 3 weeks and then maintained at 24+/-1 degrees C. 3. On d 0, chicks were assigned to one of 4 feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to 4 cages of chicks. The regimens were: (1) ad libitum feeding (AL); (2) 80% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F80); (3) 60% food restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F60); and (4) 40% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F40). From d 35 to d 41, all chicks were subjected to 38+/-1 degrees C for 2 h/d. 4. One day following food restriction (d 7), hsp 70 expression in the brain samples of F60 and F40 chicks was augmented but not those fed AL and F80. 5. Prior to the heat challenge (d 35), all chicks had similar hsp 70 response. Irrespective of feeding regimen, there was a marked increase in hsp 70 expression after 4 d of heat treatment (d 38). Following 7 d of heat exposure (d 41), except for the F60 chicks, the augmented hsp 70 expression in the brains of AL, F80 and F40 birds was not maintained. 6. Enhancement of hsp 70 expression was noted in birds subjected to F60, but not AL, F80 or F40, throughout the period of heat exposure. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate that nuclear medicine technology allows observation of the effect that milk clotting has on abomasal emptying in the living neonatal calf. Scintigraphic evaluation of abomasal emptying was carried out in 6 healthy male Holstein calves. The calves were fed 10% of their body weight daily as whole cow's milk that was divided equally and consumed as 2 feedings via a nipple bottle. One day before the nuclear scintigraphic procedure, the calves were randomly fed whole cow's milk, or an oral rehydration solution (ORS) containing bicarbonate and high levels of soluble fibre was fed for 3 consecutive feedings an hour before the portion of milk. For each calf, both feeding programs were repeated twice at a one-week interval. Immediately following administration of the 99mTC-sulfur-colloid-containing milk, the calves were imaged with the gamma camera positioned lateral and ventral to the abomasum. Additional right lateral and ventral views of the abomasum were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 min after administration of the radionuclide. Blood glucose determination were performed at one-hour intervals for 7 h after feeding milk to evaluate milk digestibility in both feeding programs. No significant differences in the results of the glucose absorption test or in the radionuclide counts of the abomasum were found between both feeding programs. Scintigraphic evaluation of abomasal emptying was found to be a useful technique for visualization of milk clotting and to test the effect of an ORS on milk digestibility. 相似文献
20.
Hiroya Fujimoto Keisuke Matsumoto Minori Koseki Hideaki Yamashiro Takahisa Yamada Ryozo Takada 《Animal Science Journal》2020,91(1)
This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional effects of rice feeding and carnitine addition to a diet for broiler chicks. Thirty‐six male 10‐day‐old broiler chicks were assigned to one of the following four treatment groups: corn‐based diet (corn group), rice‐based diet (rice group), and each diet with added carnitine (100 ppm). The experimental period was 2 weeks. Rice feeding resulted in significantly higher growth performance (body weight gain and feed efficiency) compared to corn feeding. Carnitine addition also resulted in higher growth performance. Breast muscle and thigh muscle weight (g) were significantly higher in broiler chicks fed rice and those fed diets with added carnitine. Liver mRNA expression of IGF‐I was significantly higher in broiler chicks fed rice compared to those fed corn. There was no significant difference in mRNA expression of muscle atrogin‐1 or liver CPT‐I between broiler chicks fed rice and those fed corn, not between broilers chicks fed diets containing carnitine or not. Overall, these results show that rice feeding and carnitine addition improve the growth performance of broiler chicks by increasing mRNA expression of liver IGF‐I. In addition, carnitine action is not affected by different cereals (corn and rice). 相似文献