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1.
杉木取代阔叶林后林下水源涵养功能差异评价 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
为研究杉木人工林取代常绿落叶阔叶混交林后土壤水源涵养能力的变化,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别研究杉木纯林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林的枯落物与土壤的持水特性。结果表明:(1)枯落物平均蓄积量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(3.42 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(3.12 t/hm^2),枯落物平均厚度表现为杉木纯林(9.17 cm)>常绿落叶阔叶混交林(5.42 cm)。(2)最大持水量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(6.23 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(5.57 t/hm^2),最大持水率也表现出相同的规律,即常绿落叶阔叶混交林(184.40%)>杉木纯林(179.50%);有效拦蓄量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(4.48 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(4.13 t/hm^2),最大拦蓄量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(5.41 t/hm^2)>杉木纯林(4.97 t/hm^2)。(3)枯落物层的吸水量与浸水时间符合对数函数Q=aln(t)+b,而吸水速率与浸水时间符合指数函数V=at^b,常绿落叶阔叶混交林的蓄水能力强于杉木纯林。(4)土壤水分最大吸持贮水量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(43.58 mm)>杉木纯林(41.88 mm),可以看出常绿落叶阔叶混交林内的土壤可以更好地为植被提供良好的水分供其生长;土壤水分最大滞留贮存量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林(8.20 mm)<杉木纯林(10.22 mm),即杉木纯林内的土壤具有更好的涵养水源能力。从枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量以及土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度等多个因素的计算综合推断可知,杉木人工林水源涵养能力优于常绿落叶阔叶混交林。 相似文献
2.
对同一母岩、同一土壤类型上杉木纯林、毛竹杉木混交林、毛竹纯林3种植被类型的土壤水源涵养能力的分析结果表明:毛竹杉木混交林涵养水源能力最强,土壤层贮水量达1 181.44 t/hm2,比杉木纯林大81.08%,比毛竹林大11.81%。对毛竹林不同的测树因子及地理因子的比较分析表明:平均胸径、平均高和剖面深度对毛竹林水源涵养能力的影响存在显著性差别。 相似文献
3.
从森林植被水文生态功能的角度,对大兴安岭4种森林植被类型水源涵养功能进行研究,研究结果表明:植被类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)0~20 cm土层最大蓄水量为1 548.91 t/hm2;类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林)0~20 cm土层最大蓄水量为1 140.82 t/hm2。土壤有效蓄水量(0~20 cm):类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)类型Ⅱ(针叶纯林)类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林)类型Ⅲ(针叶混交林)。枯落物层有效持水量从大到小的顺序为:类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林31.49 t/hm2)类型Ⅱ(针叶纯林28.10 t/hm2)类型Ⅲ(针叶混交林27.21 t/hm2)类型Ⅰ(针阔混交林19.94 t/hm2)。在4种森林植被类型中,类型Ⅳ(乔灌混交林)的初渗系数、稳渗系数都是最高的。 相似文献
4.
[目的]揭示不同林分土壤空间和不同位点上的水分时空变化规律,旨在为毛竹林合理经营提供科学依据。[方法]采用野外定点观测法,以闽北地区竹杉混交林(Ⅱ)、毛竹纯林(Ⅲ)、竹阔混交林(Ⅳ)3种不同类型毛竹林为研究对象,杉木纯林(Ⅰ)和常绿阔叶林(Ⅴ)为对照开展试验。[结果]各林分的土壤含水量的季节变化基本与研究区域的降雨和蒸发季节变化一致,每月平均土壤含水量在22.98%~37.88%之间,年均土壤含水量排序为:常绿阔叶林(31.95%)竹杉混交林(30.46%)竹阔混交林(30.10%)杉木纯林(29.78%)毛竹纯林(29.31%)。空间垂直变化上,常绿阔叶林地各层土壤含水量之间差异显著(p0.01),随着土壤层深度的增加土壤含水量逐渐降低,但是其他林分不同土层土壤含水量之间的差异不显著。[结论]林分类型和土层深度对土壤含水量的共同作用有差异,但未达到显著水平,林内降雨量是影响土壤含水量的直接因子。 相似文献
5.
不同类型毛竹林土壤碳、氮特征及其耦合关系 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
以江西安福毛竹纯林(Ⅰ)、竹阔混交林(Ⅱ)、竹杉混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,并以木荷人工林(Ⅳ)、杉木纯林(Ⅴ)以及撂荒地(Ⅵ)为对照,对其土壤碳、氮特征进行研究.结果表明:不同林分和同一林分不同层次土壤有机碳含量、碳密度均存在很大差异.土壤有机碳含量排列顺序为Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ>Ⅳ>Ⅵ,分别为13.12,12.42,11.47,10.57,8.53,7.45 g/kg,其差异达到显著水平;剖面有机碳密度顺序依次为Ⅰ>Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅴ,分别为8.81,7.69,7.51,7.38,5.94,5.70 kg/m2,其差异亦达到显著水平.在所调查林分类型中,土壤有机碳含量随深度的增加而呈现逐渐递减的趋势,0-40 cm土层存贮有机碳对土壤总有机碳贡献率均大于70%,贡献率明显.不同林分类型C/N差异性显著,混交林大于纯林,平均值都在11～15之间.线性分析表明,林区内土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈极显著相关,遵循三次多项式拟合模型. 相似文献
6.
安徽大别山库区不同林分类型的土壤特性及其水源涵养功能 总被引：47，自引：17，他引：47
对安徽大别山库区7种不同林分土壤理化性质、凋落物持水量以及林地土壤贮水性能等进行了研究。结果表明,不同林分的土壤理化性质及其水源涵养功能差异明显。在相同的立地条件下,天然次生林和混交林具有更好的维持地力作用和更高的水源涵养功能。依据林地总贮水量的大小,7种林分的水源涵养功能依次为:天然次生林(2360.3t/hm2)>杉木黄山松混交林(2318.3t/hm2)>马尾松枫香混交林(2193.2t/hm2)>杉木林(2121.3t/hm2)>黄山松林(2055.1t/hm2)、马尾松林(2053.0t/hm2)>板栗林(2002.0t/hm2)。 相似文献
7.
华蓥市山区典型林分水源涵养功能评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究南方丘陵山区典型人工林的生长现状和涵养水源能力,选取华蓥市6种林分作为研究对象,通过测定林下枯落物层和土壤层特征,分析比较不同林地枯落物和土壤的持水能力,对林地水源涵养能力进行评价。结果表明:杉木纯林(近自然经营)枯落物现存蓄积量最大,枯落物持水能力排序为杉木纯林(近自然经营)杉木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营)杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—杉木混交林;杉木纯林的土壤层总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有效持水量均为最优,分别达到67.67%,60.39%,138.11 t/hm~2;6种林地土壤有效持水量大小顺序为杉木纯林杉木纯林(近自然经营)马尾松—杉木混交林杉木—响叶杨混交林柏木纯林马尾松—檵木混交林(近自然经营);综合枯落物层和土壤层持水能力可知,杉木纯林(近自然经营)的水源涵养能力最强,为309.77 t/hm~2,马尾松—杉木混交林最弱。 相似文献
8.
黄浦江上游近自然混交林和人工纯林水源涵养功能评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以上海黄浦江上游水源涵养林为研究对象,选择近自然混交林、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工纯林和无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)人工纯林,对比了地上部分、枯落物层、土壤层三个垂直层次的持水量,综合评价了其水源涵养功能。结果表明:地上部分持水量近自然混交林与香樟纯林持平,大于无患子纯林,分别为16.36t/hm2,16.85t/hm2,12.54t/hm2;枯落物层最大持水量依次为近自然混交林(0.37t/hm2)无患子纯林(0.004t/hm2)香樟纯林(0.003t/hm2);土壤层最大持水量近自然混交林(2 657.02t/hm2)无患子纯林(2 526.81t/hm2)香樟纯林(2 474.80t/hm2)。土壤层对森林涵养水源功能的贡献最大,但同时离不开地上部分及枯落物层三者间的相互依存和影响。综合评价得到不同类型林分的总持水量为近自然混交林(2 673.73t/hm2)无患子纯林(2 539.35t/hm2)香樟纯林(2 491.65t/hm2)。由此可见,林分复杂、树种多样、林下植被丰富的近自然混交林涵养水源的能力最强,优于单一的无患子纯林,而香樟纯林最差。 相似文献
9.
杉木米老排混交林水源涵养功能的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本通过对杉木米老排混交林和杉木纯林的林冠层、林下植被层、枯枝落叶层和土壤层持水能力进行研究，结果表明：由于米老排落叶量大，根系发达，大大改善了土壤结构，提高了林分的水源涵养功能。除了林冠层持水量外，混交林各部分涵养水源功能均优于杉木纯林，地上、地下部分持水量分别为27．21t／hm^2和2347．94t／hm^2，分别比纯林的(24．74t／hm^2)和(2073．81t／hm^2)高出9．98％和13．22％。 相似文献
10.
承德市第三乡林场不同林分类型枯落物和土壤的持水特性 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
[目的]探究林分枯落物和土壤的水文效应,科学选择持水性能更好的林分类型。[方法]以河北省承德市围场县第三乡林场中落叶松纯林(Ⅰ)、落叶松—白桦—山杨针阔混交林(Ⅱ)、白桦—山杨阔叶混交林(Ⅲ)为研究对象,采用室内浸水法、环刀法以及室内烘干等方法对枯落物和土壤持水特性进行研究。[结果]枯落物总储量:Ⅰ(26.58t/hm2)Ⅱ(25.01t/hm2)Ⅲ(21.55t/hm2)。枯落物最大持水量:Ⅲ(56.88t/hm2)Ⅱ(56.24t/hm2)Ⅰ(51.91t/hm2)。枯落物持水量随浸水时间变化呈对数函数变化趋势。枯落物吸水速率随浸水时间变化呈幂函数变化趋势。枯落物有效拦蓄量:Ⅱ(46.22t/hm2)Ⅲ(43.90t/hm2)Ⅰ(43.36t/hm2)。土壤容重:Ⅰ(1.13g/cm3)Ⅱ(1.12g/cm3)Ⅲ(0.99g/cm3)。土壤总孔隙度:Ⅲ(51.89%)Ⅱ(49.13%)Ⅰ(41.38%)。土壤最大持水量:Ⅲ(1037.80t/hm2)Ⅱ(982.50t/hm2)Ⅰ(827.53t/hm2)。[结论]通过多方面比较3种林分类型枯落物和土壤持水性能,可知Ⅲ持水能力最好,Ⅱ稍弱,Ⅰ最差。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献