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1.
为系统探讨草原红牛瘤胃内的微生物多样性及其功能,本试验利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术检测分析草原红牛(20月龄左右,均重为577.5 kg)瘤胃液样本菌群结构并进行PICRUSt功能预测。结果显示:通过Illumina Miseq测序平台共获得35 848条优质序列,聚类分析得到387个操作分类单元(OTU),经分类学鉴定分属15个门、20个纲、25个目、41个科及110个属;厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为优势菌群,所占比例分别为50.09%和41.11%;基于属的组成,依次为普雷沃菌属(Prevotella)15.20%、未知属f型拟杆菌目(norankfBacteroidales)BS11菌群8.66%、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)NK4A214菌群6.96%、理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)RC9菌群5.56%、未知属(Christensenellaceae)R-7菌群4.01%、瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus2)3.33%等;16S rRNA基因组的PICRUSt功能预测结果显示,瘤胃内菌群功能主要集中在碳水化合物转运及代谢,表面草原红牛体内含有大量的纤维素和木质素降解酶基因。综上,基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术全面揭示了草原红牛瘤胃菌群的多样性,且预测其含有丰富的蛋白质分解、木质纤维素降解酶系,为探索草原红牛瘤胃微生物的认知提供了基础,也为挖掘其他重要营养生理功能相关的瘤胃微生物功能基因提供了参考。 相似文献
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本研究旨在利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析不同年龄奶水牛瘤胃菌群多样性,探究其随年龄增长变化的规律。选择4个年龄组,即Y组(12月龄,胎次=0)、M组(3~5岁,胎次=1)、E组(6~8岁,胎次=2)和O组(9岁及以上,胎次≥3),各组奶水牛分别为9、7、4和5头,采集瘤胃液并提取总DNA,经PCR扩增后对16S rDNA的V3~V4区进行高通量测序。结果表明:alpha多样性分析结果发现,随着年龄增长,奶水牛瘤胃菌群数量呈现显著下降的趋势(P=0.07),菌属相对丰度显著减少(P<0.05);beta多样性分析发现,不同年龄奶水牛的瘤胃菌群结构存在明显的不同,并随年龄增加个体间的瘤胃菌群结构差异逐渐增大。门水平下,本试验所有年龄奶水牛瘤胃的优势菌群为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria);属水平下,普雷沃氏菌属_1(Prevotella_1)相对丰度在4个年龄组均最高,优势菌属和次级优势菌属的相对丰度随奶水牛年龄的增长呈现相互聚拢的趋势。不同年龄奶水牛瘤胃中存在着差异显著的特征性菌属,12月龄奶水牛瘤胃中以乳酸菌属(Lactobacillus)和糖酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)为主,其相对丰度随着年龄增长而显著减少(P<0.05);3~5岁奶水牛瘤胃中则以未分类梭菌目菌属(unclassified_o_Clostridiales)和未排位双歧杆菌科菌属(norank_f_Bifidobacteriaceae)为主,相对丰度显著高于12月龄和9岁及以上年龄(P<0.05);9岁及以上年龄奶水牛瘤胃中的未分类普雷沃氏菌科菌属(unclassified_f_Prevotellaceae)和候选单胞生糖菌属(Candidatus_Saccharimonas)相对丰度高于12月龄和3~5岁。共性网络物种关联分析结果显示,奶水牛瘤胃菌群间的相关性和紧密性随着年龄增加而逐渐下降。综上所述,随着奶水牛年龄增长,其瘤胃菌群数量和相对丰度显著减少,优势菌群和亚优势菌群呈现一定的年龄特征变化;奶水牛瘤胃存在着一些年龄特征菌属,其菌群结构紧密性随年龄增加而减弱,表明宿主年龄增长可影响瘤胃菌群结构和功能的稳定。 相似文献
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《黑龙江畜牧兽医》2019,(23)
为了揭示纯种和牛及杂交和牛瘤胃细菌组成及多样性,选取安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的年龄、体重和体况接近的纯种和牛公牛(WW)、和牛♂×西门塔尔牛♀杂交F1代公牛(WS)及和牛♂×荷斯坦牛♀杂交F1代公牛(WH)各3头,采集试验牛瘤胃液,提取细菌DNA,对细菌16S rDNA V4～V5区(515F～907R)进行PCR扩增,扩增产物用Illumina HiSeq PE250测序平台进行高通量测序。结果表明:9个瘤胃液样本共获得604 174条有效16S rDNA序列,19 912个分类操作单元(OTU),物种丰富度指数(Chao指数)WW组极显著高于WH组(P0.01),WS组显著高于WH组(P0.05),Ace指数WW组与WS组均显著高于WH组(P0.05),但WW组与WS组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。在门水平上,3组相对含量最多的菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其次是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),分别占测序总数的56.08%～66.29%、21.20%～27.01%和2.09%～5.45%;在科水平上,3组相对含量最多的菌属为普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae),占测序总量的37.12%～44.23%;在属水平上,3组相对含量最多的菌属为普雷沃氏菌属-1(Prevotella-1),占测序总量的23.98%～35.95%。在97%相似性水平下,3组共享OTU数为1 969个,占瘤胃液细菌总OTU数的59.83%,3组间瘤胃菌群结构存在一定差异,同一品种牛的瘤胃菌群结构表现出明显的聚集趋势。说明纯种和牛及杂交和牛瘤胃中最优势菌门均为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其次为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria);最优势菌科为普雷沃氏菌科(Provotellaceae);最优势菌属均为普雷沃氏菌属-1(Prevotella-1),纯种和牛与杂交和牛在物种多样性指数上并无显著性差异。 相似文献
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利用MiSeq测序技术分析锦江牛瘤胃细菌多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《动物营养学报》2016,(1)
本研究旨在利用MiSeq高通量测序技术揭示锦江牛瘤胃细菌组成及多样性。选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的锦江牛成年公牛[体重(400±20)kg],采集瘤胃液样品后提取细菌DNA,对瘤胃细菌的16S rDNA序列V4~V5区进行MiSeq测序,分析物种的丰度、分布及α-多样性。结果表明:3个样本共获得56 763条高质量16S rDNA序列,946个分类操作单元(OTU),锦江牛瘤胃细菌丰富度指数Chao指数、Ace指数分别为836、841,α-多样性指数Shannon指数、Simpson指数分别为4.96、0.021 5;经过物种注释,15个门、23个纲、26个科以及44个属在所有样品中被鉴定。在门水平,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)(64.37%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(21.20%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(7.59%)数量最多;在纲水平,主要包括拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)(52.88%)和梭菌纲(Clostridia)(17.03%);在科水平,主要包括普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)(36.26%)、瘤胃菌科(Ruminococcaceae)(9.33%)和毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)(4.89%);在属水平,优势细菌主要包括普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)(28.97%)、帕拉普氏菌属(Paraprevotella)(3.08%)、理研菌属(Rikenella)(2.28%)、梭菌_Ⅳ(ClostridiumⅣ)(1.77%)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclastium)(1.62%)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)(1.53%)。结果证明,锦江牛瘤胃细菌多样性相对较低;锦江牛瘤胃中最优势菌门是拟杆菌门,其次是厚壁菌门;普雷沃氏菌属是锦江牛瘤胃中最优势细菌属。 相似文献
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高通量测序技术在动物肠道微生物研究中发挥着重要作用。从3株(9个样品)无特定病原体(SPF)鸭子中收集的粪便样品放置在培养箱中培养。利用Illumina HiSeq2500平台,通过16S rRNA测序的不同区域来分析鸭肠道细菌区系。结果表明,70周龄SPF鸭的肠道微生物丰度最高的三个门是厚壁菌门、变形杆菌门和拟杆菌门,丰度最高的三个目为梭菌目、乳杆菌目和气单胞菌目,丰度最高的三个属为拟杆菌属、丛孢菌属和肠球菌属。此外,3株鸭菌株具有不同的微生物组成,但这些差异不显著。采用高通量测序方法对鸭肠道菌群进行分析,以进一步了解SPF鸭肠道菌群的分布和生物学特性,最终有利于SPF鸭的纯化。 相似文献
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研究旨在明确长顺绿壳蛋鸡肠道菌群结构及功能。健康、体重无差异的20只27周龄长顺绿壳蛋鸡饲养35 d,随机选择4只,分别提取十二指肠、回肠和盲肠内容物的微生物总DNA,对16S rRNA进行高通量测序。结果显示：盲肠OTUs个数最多,其次为回肠,最少为十二指肠。盲肠的Ace指数、Chao-1指数和Shannon指数极显著高于十二指肠和回肠（P<0.01）。回肠的Ace指数和Chao-1指数显著高于十二指肠（P<0.05）。在门水平上,厚壁菌门为十二指肠（97.06%）和回肠（96.36%）的优势菌门;拟杆菌门（62.55%）和厚壁菌门（34.05%）为盲肠的优势菌门。在属水平上,乳杆菌属为十二指肠（94.133%）和回肠（95.273%）的优势菌属;拟杆菌属为盲肠（40.548%）的优势菌属。PICRUSt功能预测显示,肠道微生物基因主要富集于KEGG的新陈代谢（44.74%～49.34%）通路,其中盲肠营养物质代谢相关通路中富集基因相对丰度较高,如氨基酸代谢、能量代谢以及辅因子与维生素代谢等。研究表明,随着长顺绿壳蛋鸡肠道延伸,菌群多样性程度明显增加,且盲肠菌群的营养代谢... 相似文献
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本试验旨在对以柞树叶为主要粗饲料来源的梅花鹿瘤胃细菌多样性进行分析。提取瘤胃微生物基因组DNA,扩增细菌16S rRNA基因,构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库,分析梅花鹿瘤胃细菌区系组成。结果表明:1)试验共得到107个非嵌合体16S rRNA基因序列。按照97%序列相似性,划分为22个分类操作单元(OTUs)。其中91个序列(10个OTUs,85%总克隆序列)与已培养菌序列相似性≥97%,13个序列(10个OTUs,12.2%总克隆序列)与已培养菌序列相似性为90%~97%,其余序列相似性<90%。87.9%序列与普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella spp.)相似。2)系统发育分析表明,梅花鹿瘤胃细菌由厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门组成。由结果可知,以富含单宁的柞树叶为主要粗饲料来源的梅花鹿的瘤胃中,普雷沃氏菌属是优势细菌,而牛、羊瘤胃中常见的纤维素降解菌未检测到,这可能与饲料中单宁含量高有关。 相似文献
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云南大额牛瘤胃微生物多样性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究云南大额牛瘤胃微生物多样性,本研究通过对大额牛瘤胃微生物宏基因组测序(总数据产出>3Gb)、分析、组装,共获得13546196个环境基因标签(EGTs)。在微生物分析时随机选用了10387566个EGTs(占总EGTs的76.68%)与NCBI的NR数据库进行BLAST比对,进行物种注释。结果显示,在分析的EGTs中,主要由细菌域、真核生物域、古生菌域及部分不能确定域归属的未知微生物构成,其中微生物主要属于10个门,94%的EGTs属于拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形杆菌门和放线菌门,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门丰度最高,分别占总细菌的48%和42%。大额牛瘤胃中主要的纤维降解细菌为黄化瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌,分别占总细菌的1.60%、1.20%、0.86%和0.52%。本研究结果表明EGTs技术可用于分析环境微生物群落结构和解释微生物群落功能,对研究特殊环境中的微生物的构成具有重要意义。 相似文献
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J. A. Wofford B. Zollers L. Rhodes M. Bell E. Heinen 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2018,41(2):324-333
Capromorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist that is FDA approved for appetite stimulation in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of daily oral administration of capromorelin to cats over a range of doses and for an extended period. Two randomized, controlled studies were conducted: in Study 1, cats (n = 6 per group) received placebo or capromorelin at a dose of 9, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg once daily for 14 days; and in Study 2, cats received capromorelin at 6 mg/kg (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) once daily for 91 days. Cats were evaluated using clinical observations and clinical pathology test results for both studies, with the addition of postmortem examination in Study 1 and measurements of growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor 1 in Study 2. Abnormal clinical observations were limited to emesis, hypersalivation, lethargy/depression, head shaking and lip smacking, which occurred more frequently in the capromorelin‐treated groups than in the placebo group. There were no clinically relevant differences in clinical pathology test results between the capromorelin and placebo groups in either study. 相似文献
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Bernardo Baldisserotto Thaylise V. Parodi E Don Stevens 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(1):48-56
Objective
To test the postexposure analgesic efficacy of low doses of eugenol in zebrafish.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
A total of 76 large adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).Methods
Fish swimming behavior (median velocity, freeze time, high-speed swimming and distance moved in the vertical direction) was recorded in a 1.6 L video arena before and after exposure to eugenol (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg L?1). In a second experiment, fish were anesthetized with 2-phenoxy-ethanol and treated with an injection of 5% acetic acid (noxious stimulus), and then exposed to 0, 1, 2 and 5 mg L?1 eugenol. The fish swimming behavior was also recorded.Results
The higher doses (10 and 20 mg L?1) reduced the median velocity, high-speed swimming and distance moved in the vertical direction, and increased the freeze time. Zebrafish behavior was not altered by eugenol (1, 2 and 5 mg L?1) after noxious stimulation.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The change in the behavior of zebrafish associated with a noxious stimulus can be monitored and is a good model for studying analgesia in fish. Eugenol (10 and 20 mg L?1) induced zebrafish sedation. The response after a noxious stimulus was not affected by postexposure to lower doses, and thus we cannot recommend its use as an analgesic. 相似文献13.
本文以千日红组培苗为试验材料,研究培养基中氮形态及含量对千日红试管苗生长和开花诱导的影响。结果表明,1)相对于铵态氮(NH4+),硝态氮(No3-)作为唯一氮源更有利于千日红试管苗生长和开花诱导,但千日红在NH4+和NO3-同时存在的培养基中表现最佳。2)在20 mmol/LNH4+(NO3-)和5 mg/L PP333存在的条件下,试管苗生长基本随着培养基中NO3-(NH4+)含量的增加而增加,并在含40 mmol/L NO3-+20 mmol/L NH4+(即MS培养基中氮含量)的培养基中株高达到最大值5.91 cm;而叶片数和开花率则随着培养基中NH4+和NO3-含量的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,并在20 mmol/L NO3-+5 mmol/LNH4+培养基中达到最大值,分别为10.7片/株和38.89%。3)氮含量及形态配比结果表明,千日红试管苗开花率在培养基中氮总量为5 mmol/L、NO3-/NH4+为4/1时达到最大值39.95%,而株高和叶片数在氮总量为35 mmol/L,NO3-/NH4+为4/1时达到最大值8.52 cm和13.38片/株。千日红试管苗开花率与培养基中NO3-/NH4+显著正相关,而与氮总量及株高之间显著负相关。此外,培养基中氮含量及形态配比还显著影响无菌苗根系生长。 相似文献
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Epizootic lymphangitis is prevalent in equines in Ethiopia, causing remarkable economic and welfare impacts but often neglected. Lack of effective treatment contributed to its continued occurrence, and hence, search for an effective treatment should be considered a priority area to minimize its impacts. Previous ethnobotanical studies have reported that Curcuma longa, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Datura stramonium were used to treat cutaneous fungal infections and reduce their incidence. The treatment effects of these plants against epizootic lymphangitis should be studied. The in vitro growth inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of the root of C. longa, berry of P. dodecandra, and leaf of D. stramonium were evaluated. Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum was isolated from clinical cases of epizootic lymphangitis in carthorses in central Ethiopia. The nested polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the identity of the isolates. Serial twofold dilutions of the extract of berries of P. dodecandra and leaves of D. stramonium were done in sterile water, whereas dilution of the extract of roots of C. longa was done in dimethylsulphoxide. The effects of the plants on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum were assessed by agar dilution assay. Culture media with no antifungal agent and media containing ketoconazole served as negative and positive control, respectively. The methanol extract of C. longa showed inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 5 mg/mL. Similarly, the methanol extract of P. dodecandra showed growth inhibitory effects at concentrations ranging from 0.156 to 5 mg/mL. That is, the growth inhibitory concentration of C. longa was 0.07 mg/mL, whereas that of P. dodecandra was 0.156 mg/mL. In contrast, D. stramonium showed no inhibitory effect. This preliminary observation showed that methanol extracts of C. longa and P. dodecandra showed inhibitory effects on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum var farciminosum requiring further repeated in vitro evaluation so as to generate adequate evidence, which would justify in vivo trials. 相似文献
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Activation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) leads to the formation of superoxide, which is in turn dismutated to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and is partly responsible for oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity. However, no comparative information is available on the effect of SOD inhibition before PMN activation to allow simulation of the SOD defects that are known to occur in some ruminants. This paper attempts to examine the degranulative and phagocytic responses in buffalo, cattle and goat PMNs exposed to diethyldithiocarbamate, a known SOD inhibitor. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and reductase was increased in the presence of SOD inhibitor. On activation, H2O2 production increased significantly (p<0.01), while SOD inhibition before the activation of PMNs caused a significant decline in the production of H2O2 (p<0.05) in all the species studied. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in the phagocytosis of Candida albicans spores by buffalo PMNs activated with opsonized zymosan. Activation of bovine PMNs after exposure to the SOD inhibitor resulted in a significant decline (p<0.05) in phagocytic activity; in the other species, the two values only approached significance. Among the activators, opsonized zymosan caused a significant increase in phagocytic activity as compared to lipopolysaccharide, particularly in the PMNs of buffaloes (p<0.05). Increased fungicidal activity (p<0.05) occurred with opsonized zymosan-activated PMNs of all the species studied. The fungicidal activity was found to decline in PMNs exposed to SOD inhibitor before activation (p<0.05). Interestingly, the phagocytic activity of caprine PMNs was found to be lower than that of PMNs from cattle (p<0.05). 相似文献
16.
对10个青贮玉米品种自然发病情况进行调查,并采用病级分类方法对抗病性分类。结果表明:对锈病表现抗性和中抗的品种有3个和5个,分别占供试品种的30%和50%;对大斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有4个和5个,分别占供试品种的40%和50%;对褐斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有6个和3个,分别占供试品种的60%和30%;对小斑病表现抗性和中抗的品种有6个和3个,分别占供试品种的60%和30%。多数品种对青贮玉米4种病害抗性表现较好,可从青贮玉米供试材料中选用优良抗病材料用于四川地区种植。 相似文献
17.
Effects of considering the comminution rate (kc) and the correction of microbial contamination (using 15N techniques) of particles in the rumen on estimates of ruminally undegraded fractions and their intestinal digestibility were examined generating composite samples (from rumen‐incubated residues) representative of the undegraded feed rumen outflow. The study used sunflower meal (SFM) and Italian ryegrass hay (RGH) and three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 40:60 RGH to concentrate diet (75 g DM/kgBW0.75). Transit studies up to the duodenum with Yb‐SFM and Eu‐RGH marked samples showed higher kc values (/h) in SFM than in RGH (0.577 vs. 0.0892, p = 0.034), whereas similar values occurred for the rumen passage rate (kp). Estimates of ruminally undegraded and intestinal digestibility of all tested fractions decreased when kc was considered and also applying microbial correction. Thus, microbial uncorrected kp‐based proportions of intestinal digested undegraded crude protein overestimated those corrected and kc?kp‐based by 39% in SFM (0.146 vs. 0.105) and 761% in RGH (0.373 vs. 0.0433). Results show that both kc and microbial contamination correction should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, whereas in protein concentrates not considering kc is an important source of error. 相似文献
18.
Effects of oral administration of different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broilers 
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下载免费PDF全文 ShuDong Liu MinHo Song Won Yun JiHwan Lee ChangHee Lee WooGi Kwak NamSoo Han HyeunBum Kim JinHo Cho 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(5):1257-1265
Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries, and many plant essential oils have shown that they have positive effects on broilers nutrition. This experiment was conducted to study the effects of orally administered different dosages of carvacrol essential oils on intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. A total of eighty 28‐day‐old (1.28 ± 0.15 kg) ROSS 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four groups of 20 replicates each, with one chicken per replicate per cage, and all were fed with the same diet. Four experimental groups were orally administered 0, 200, 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils at 18:00 hr every day during the 2‐week experimental period. As a result of which, the gene expression of the occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐5, ZO‐1 and ZO‐2 in intestinal mucosa of small intestine (p < 0.05) and the goblet cell content in small intestine epithelium (p < 0.05) were significantly increased; test subjects with 300 or 400 μl carvacrol essential oils reduced the microbial counts of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the intestines (p < 0.05); Essential oils administration also significantly increased activity of the sucrase (p < 0.05) and lactase (p < 0.05) in intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, the carvacrol essential oils have positive effects on growth performance and intestinal barriers function of broilers; those effects may be related to the dosage, as administration of 300 or 400 μl was more effective than that of 200 μl. 相似文献
19.
Effects of oral supplementation of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium on diarrhoea events of foals in their first weeks of life 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Christina Ströbel Elena Günther Vladimir Urubschurov Annette Zeyner 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2018,102(5):1357-1365
Foal first diarrhoea is one of the most prominent problems in the early life of horses. Probiotics might have the potency to prevent or at least diminish neonatal diarrhoea. We hypothesised that the treatment of foals with probiotic strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium starting early after birth and then daily over 2 weeks would prevent or mitigate foal heat diarrhoea. The influence of this probiotic treatment on diarrhoea incidence and growth and health performance of young foals was investigated. Thirty‐four foals were randomly allocated to two groups. From day 1 to 14 of life, the foals received either placebo (PG, n = 16) or the probiotic treatment (TG, n = 18). Clinical examination was performed, and the faeces consistency score (FCS, 1–5; with diarrhoea defined by ≤3) was recorded once per day in weeks 1 and 2 and once weekly in weeks 3–8 of life (WL). The body height was measured at birth and after two and eight WL. Diarrhoea occurred in the 1st WL in 19% and 61% of PG and TG foals respectively. In the 1st WL, diarrhoea lasted 0.3 ± 0.8 and 1.6 ± 1.4 days in PG and TG foals respectively. In the 2nd WL, diarrhoea occurred in 94% and 84% of PG and TG foals, respectively, and lasted for 3.0 ± 1.5 and 3.7 ± 1.6 days respectively. At least two periods of diarrhoea developed in 33% and 65% of PG and TG foals respectively. The TG foals grew slightly slower than the PG foals. The results indicated that the probiotic treatment of neonatal foals as performed in this study was not suitable to reduce diarrhoea within the first two WL, because contrary to the hypothesis, the TG foals suffered more frequently and for longer periods from diarrhoea than the PG foals. 相似文献
20.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary ratios of 13 C to 12 C or 15 N to 14 N on their relative incorporation into tissues. Eighty male rats were used in two 21-day feeding trials in which they were fed diets with either high δ13C levels (δ13C = −13.89‰ and δ15N = 2.37‰ in experiment 1 and δ13C = −19.34‰ and δ15N = 4.73‰ in experiment 2) or low δ13C levels (δ13C = −17.90‰ and δ15N = 3.08‰ in experiment 1 and δ13C = −21.76‰ and δ15N = 0.53‰ in experiment 2), meanwhile, the dietary δ15N levels were designed to two ranks. Blood, liver, adipose and muscle tissues were collected on day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 for determination of 13 C, 12 C, 15 N and 14 N isotopes. Rat growth rate, antioxidant capacity and metabolic parameters were also assessed. The results indicate that adipose tissue tend to deplete 13 C before the stable isotopic ratios achieved final equilibrium. Therefore, feeds with different isotopic signatures had different incorporation rates into tissues. Low dietary 13 C levels decreased tissue δ13C values whereas high dietary 13 C levels did not alter tissue δ13C values during the 21-d experiment. Blood δ15N values were a reliable parameter in assessing the relative contribution of dietary nitrogen to tissues. This study revealed a relationship between dietary isotopic signatures and their incorporation rates into rat tissues. However, more studies are needed to illustrate the mechanism through which dietary isotopic ratios influence the extent of isotopic incorporation into the tissues. 相似文献