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Jean A Paré 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2003,6(2):315-326
Clinicians should be familiar with the most common fungal diseases of amphibians. Because lesions in mycotic diseases are nonspecific, a diagnosis cannot be established solely on the basis of clinical presentation. Bacterial, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and parasitic infections, and toxic or environmental conditions may mimic mycotic disease to various extents. Furthermore, mycoses may be masked by overwhelming secondary bacterial infection and therefore remain undiagnosed. Skin scrapings, impression smears, biopsies, and fungal culture are all useful tools in confirming or dismissing a diagnosis of mycosis. Whenever possible, an effort should be made to forward samples and biopsies for culture to appropriate laboratories. Providing the laboratory with a tentative etiologic diagnosis may allow for specific selection of more specific agars and culture conditions and maximize the chances of recovering the fungus from lesions. Identification to species level should also be encouraged, if progress is to be made in the understanding of mycoses in amphibians. The morphology of an isolate should be consistent with the microscopic features of the fungus in histological sections of affected tissues, if it is to be firmly incriminated as the cause of disease. A complete necropsy should be conducted on animals that die or are found dead, and, ideally, isolates from confirmed cases of fungal infection should be deposited in scientific collections, so that they are available for later studies. In addendum, readers should be aware that there is recent evidence to suggest that at least some published cases of amphibian basidiobolomycosis were in fact cases of chytridiomycosis [38], and therefore the validity of basidiobolomycosis as a disease entity in amphibians may be revisited in the years to come. 相似文献
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干草是草食家畜舍饲期和冬春枯草期的主要饲料之一，只有通过科学的方法晒制和贮藏大量品质优良的干草，才能最大限度地开发利用天然牧草、人工种植牧草和农作物秸秆资源，避免资源的浪费和营养损失，以实现畜牧业的可持续发展。 相似文献
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夏秋人工草地剩余牧草收贮是云贵高原人工草地合理利用的关键措施之一,青贮是牧草收贮的切实可行的方案.牧草收贮可调节牧草供应季节平衡;促进牧草再生,提高草地产量,改善利用均匀度,控制杂草,防止草地退化;提高牧草利用率,减少牧草枯腐;提高牧草质量和消化率;减少冬春青绿饲料生产及精饲料供给量,降低生产成本;最终提高草地畜牧业的经济效益并实现可持续发展. 相似文献
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论草业科研院所野外基地建设 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
论述了草业科研院所野外试验基地的功能,指出了基地建设中存在的问题,并提出了加强野外基地建设的五条对策:加强基地硬件建设,搭建科研项目实施的良好平台;不断提升基地的软件建设,加快试验进程和降低试验费用;大力发展支柱产业,促进基地综合发展;重视基地发展,配备高素质管理人才;改革创新,变项目型基地为经营型基地. 相似文献
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A J Roussel G W Brumbaugh 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1991,7(3):713-728
Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diarrhea of neonatal calves should be logical and should be targeted at correction of physiologic dysfunction. Appropriate, specific antimicrobial or antiprotozoal therapy should be instituted when colibacillosis, salmonellosis, or giardiasis is confirmed or suspected. All calves with diarrhea should be rehydrated if necessary, and proper nutritional support should be provided. Antisecretory agents such as flunixin meglumine and bismuth subsalicylate may be beneficial for treatment of calves with colibacillosis and salmonellosis. Adsorbants, such as attapulgite and bismuth subsalicylate, also may reduce loss of fluids. Perhaps loperamide or a similar drug will be proven effective in calves in the future. Potentially harmful drugs include several antimicrobial agents when they are administered orally, because they result in malabsorption; kaolin and pectin, which increase loss of ions during diarrhea; and motility modifiers that cause a decrease in all types of intestinal motor function. Finally, success should be measured by indicators of production such as survivability, days treated, weight gained, and net profit. Our goal should be to restore and maintain the health of the calf, not simply to alter the volume and consistency of the feces. 相似文献
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浅析制约天祝草畜产业发展的原因及治理对策 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对天祝县畜牧业现状的分析,找出制约其发展的原因,提出了治理对策和发展的规划,一是要制定出天祝高寒草地畜牧业总体发展规划,确立工作指南,同时要树立品牌意识,在特色上下功夫,其次要加强政策法规建设,并积极探索草地畜牧业发展的高新领域. 相似文献
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举办黄牛改良技术培训班,是推广技术的重要环节。本文从改变完成任务法、集体把好报名申核关、改变教学方法、把好教学质量关;发挥多媒体教学优势,提高学员的学习兴趣;严格培训考核,提高学员的紧迫感;聘请高素质教师,培养高质量人才等方面进行了探讨,为今后开展技术培训工作提供经验和参考。 相似文献
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U Magnusson 《Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene》2012,47(Z4):333-337
In this review, possible comparative advantages of studying endocrine disruption in farm animals vs laboratory rodents are discussed. First, using farm animals, the generality of findings in laboratory rodents are challenged. Farm animals may in certain aspects be better models for humans than laboratory rodents, and sometimes there might be methodological advantages in using farm animals. Second, there are several in vitro studies based on cell-culture systems from sows and cows where the effects of chemicals on sex steroid secretion can be measured and maturation and fertilization of oocytes may be assessed. These in vitro systems are powerful tools for dissecting the mechanisms of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Third, in a set of recent in vivo studies using sheep, goats and pigs, in which very different exposure regimens to endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been used, a full panel of reproductive parameters pertinent to farm animals were assessed. Clinically, it is suggested that endocrine disruption in farm animals should be considered when impaired reproduction could be linked to change in source of feed or pasture. Finally, epigenetic and toxicogenomic approaches can be particularly rewarding in elucidating endocrine disruption in future farm animal studies. 相似文献
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Management practices to overcome the incidence of grass tetany 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To minimize the incidence of grass tetany, winter pastures should be established on soils containing Mg-rich minerals, drainage should be improved on five-textured soils, legumes should be included in the sward and soil pH should be at least 5.5. Liming acid soils with dolomitic lime increases forage Mg by supplying Mg and by raising soil pH. Calcitic lime applications also can increase Mg availability to plants on soils with adequate Mg. Low rates of application of soluble Mg salts (less than 100 kg/ha of Mg) effectively increase Mg uptake from noncalcareous soils with low cation exchange capacity. Potassium levels in soils and plants should be kept in the lower range of recommended values. Nitrogen application should be regulated to provide the desired level of forage production. Nitrogen fertilizers, especially the nitrate form, stimulate plant Mg uptake if Mg is available in the soil. The most practical and cost-efficient method of supplementing dietary Mg intake is to provide free-choice Mg. Supplements must be palatable and placed in locations frequently used by cow herds. Including a high-energy feed in the supplement may at times increase its preventive effectiveness by increasing Mg absorption and reducing lipolysis. Regardless of the supplement formulation, Mg intake should be monitored on a regular basis, and formulation or management changes should be initiated if Mg consumption is below required levels. In severe grass tetany outbreaks, foliar application of Mg or administration of Mg via the drinking water may be warranted. 相似文献
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J Dziezyc 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2000,30(5):1103-1117
Although systemic bacterial diseases are an uncommon cause of uveitis in dogs, they should be included in the differential diagnoses for uveitis. A work-up for uveitis should include tests for B. canis and B. burgdorferi. If an aqueous centesis is performed, Leptospira titers or PCR can be performed on the aqueous humor and the serum. Better documentation of the role of Leptospira and B. burgdorferi in uveitis in the dog is needed. Any suspected cases should be worked-up thoroughly. If the dog does prove to be positive for the organism, the case should be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. 相似文献
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B J Gerloff 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》1988,4(2):379-390
The nonlactating period should be regarded as a preparatory phase for the next lactation, rather than a rest phase from the preceding one. During the early dry period, a diet should be provided that meets nutrient requirements for energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins, and other minerals. This can usually be accomplished by feeding a blend of roughages with little or no grain and providing a vitamin and mineral supplement. The diet during the late dry period, or transitional stage, should provide increased energy (an additional 3 to 4 Mcal), and a PP preventive regimen can be instituted at this time. Five to six pounds of concentrate containing 200 gm of an ammonium sulfate and chloride mixture and 6 gm of niacin can be added to the diet to aid in the transition to lactation. Feeding of high-calcium, lactating-cow grain mix should be avoided until after parturition. Stress should be minimized at and after parturition, and a quiet maternity area should be available. The normal depression in dry matter intake at parturition should be minimized; feeding high-quality roughages at this time is beneficial. Concentrate consumption should be increased gradually following parturition, and careful attention to the soluble and undegradable protein fractions of the diet is warranted. In group feeding situations, introduction to the energy-dense, high-lactation ration should probably be avoided for the first 10 to 14 days postpartum, until the cow is acclimated to the forage mix. Body overconditioning should be avoided. However, attempts to manipulate body condition during the dry period tend to be unrewarding and counterproductive. Following these guidelines should reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases in high-producing dairy cattle. 相似文献
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西藏草地畜牧业发展战略的调整 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文分析并提出西藏草地畜牧业发展战略调整应:从传统的纯牧区逐步向半农半牧区和农区过渡,形成牧区繁育,农区、半农半牧区育肥,城镇加工的分布格局;开发东部林芝地区草地载畜潜力,稳定、提高中部拉萨市、山南地区草地畜牧业的生产经营水平,保护西部那曲与阿里地区草地,划定禁牧区,建设西部自然保护区;建植人工草地,实施退耕还草、农田种草,实现以草定畜;在青藏铁路沿线,选择低海拔城镇,建设牦牛肉、肥羔肉小包装、分割肉加工基地,以此带动东部、中部绿色牦牛肉、肥羔肉生产和季节草地畜牧业的发展;建设西部绒山羊基地和"一江两河"流域奶牛业;努力扩大边境畜产品贸易,提高畜产品商品率. 相似文献
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Schons HP 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,110(3):91-93
The paper describes practical problems of animal trade. It is written from the point of view of an animal breeding organisation and does therefore not discuss in detail physiological indicators or the development of the EU legislation in that field. Based on the practical experiences it is assumed that animals can be transported in a reasonable and responsible way, without significant and long lasting negative effects, even over long distances. The current rules for animal transport in the EU, which have been developed between 1991 and 1998 still show serious shortcomings as they appear to have been laid down prematurely and in the absence of sufficient scientific knowledge. The paper points to some of the shortcomings and provides for proposals to change the current legislation: Unloading and loading at staging points should be dropped, loading densities should be derived from practical experience, driving and resting times for animals and driver must be harmonised, the regulation of staging points needs to be simplified and the control and sanctioning system must be uniform and transparent. 相似文献
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W L Mengeling A C Vorwald N A Cornick K M Lager H W Moon 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2001,13(5):421-424
Porcine alveolar macrophages were found to be highly susceptible to the cytolytic effects of a toxin (Shiga toxin [Stx]) produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli and sometimes associated with clinical disease in pigs and other animals. In comparison with the cells that are most commonly used for Stx detection and titration in vitro (namely, Vero cells), porcine alveolar macrophages appeared to be generally more sensitive and test results could be obtained in less time. Moreover, unlike Vero cells, porcine alveolar macrophages need not be continuously propagated to ensure immediate availability. They can simply be removed from a low-temperature repository, thawed, seeded, and shortly thereafter exposed to the sample in question. These characteristics suggest that porcine alveolar macrophages may be useful in developing a highly sensitive and timely diagnostic test for Stx. 相似文献
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W Drochner 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1989,96(7):350-352
Fusariotoxins can be found in imported feed as well as in crops from the Middle-Europe-Region. Concerning frequency of contamination, zearalenone is most important in the Federal Republic of Germany. From the grains, maize and oats are mainly affected. Frequency and intensity of contamination however, variates, depending on several factors as climate or genetical resistance. Typical districts with high frequency of contamination cannot be found in the FRG at the present status of knowledge. Feed-intoxications by zearalenone predominantly can be seen in pigs, cases with ruminants, horses or fowl rarely can be found. As imported feeds--especially those of the by-products of the wet-milling technique of maize--can be contaminated with zearalenone, a consequent control is demanded. Additionally culture techniques, genetical selection, seed treatment and harvesting should be optimized. A scientific-based tolerable limit till now cannot be stated. There are however some hints, that female pigs show cystic degenerations of the ovary receiving 50 microgram per kg diet. Naturally contaminated feed with 100 microgram fed for several weeks to growing female pigs induced signs of hyperestrogenism. Trichothecene contamination was found with lower frequency in the Federal Republic especially with DON, which dominates in Austria and some districts of the USA. From the contaminated feeds, maize and oats should be mentioned with priority. Ensiled products of the maize plant show some degradation during the ensiling process. Husks contain higher levels than the endosperm. No differences between conventionally and alternatively (biologic dynamic) grown crops could be found. A value for a tolerable daily intake cannot be stated at the present status of knowledge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Vaden SL 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2005,20(1):11-22
Renal diseases are common in dogs and cats. Renal biopsy may be required during the evaluation of the patient to establish a definitive diagnosis, determine the severity of the lesion and formulate an optimal treatment plan. Renal biopsy specimens can be collected via several methods. Percutaneous techniques are performed with ultrasound guidance in both dogs and cats or blindly in cats. If ultrasound guidance is not available, the keyhole technique can be used in dogs. Biopsy can also be performed using laparoscopy or surgery. While complications can arise with any of these techniques, complications are less frequent when an experienced operator uses proper technique. Renal biopsy specimens must be processed and evaluated appropriately if consistent and accurate diagnoses are to be rendered. The article summarizes patient selection and evaluation, renal biopsy techniques, expected complications of renal biopsy, and appropriate processing and evaluation of the renal biopsy specimen. 相似文献
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Coles GC 《The Veterinary record》2002,151(6):165-169
It is suggested that the major factor in avoiding the development of anthelmintic resistance is the percentage of worms that do not encounter the anthelmintics (worms in refugia). This in turn is determined by the numbers of larvae on pasture, the percentage of animals treated and whether any stages in the host can avoid the action of anthelmintic. To maintain anthelmintic efficacy the percentage of worms in refugia must be sufficiently large. In cattle, this should involve treating only first-year animals and using a different pasture each year for calves. For sheep, only animals that have to be treated should be dosed with anthelmintic and clean grazing strategies that involve the use of anthelmintics should be avoided. For horses, reliance should be placed on the removal of faeces from pasture and only treating when the animals' condition requires it. Without a change in anthelmintic use there is the likelihood of increasing numbers of cases for which no anthelmintic is effective and animal welfare may be compromised. 相似文献
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Cataracts are the most frequently seen lens diseases in New World camelids. The causes of cataracts are unknown in many animals, but cataracts secondary to intraocular inflammation seem to be common. Congenital or juvenile-onset cataracts, if another cause is not apparent, should be considered as possibly caused by heredity, and the affected animals should not be bred. Persistent hyaloid vascular anomalies may also have an important role in cataract formation and could be heritable or caused by an in utero disturbance. Pedigree analyses, test breedings, and possibly DNA studies of llamas with cataracts will be required to determine their potential heritability in these species. Cataract surgery can be done successfully in camelids. It is important to evaluate the posterior segment with B scan ultrasonography before surgery in animals in which the posterior segment previously has not been seen. This evaluation allows the surgeon to better prepare for the presence of hyaloid vascular anomalies. Use of phacoemulsification, gentle tissue handling, liberal use of anti-inflammatory medications and endothelial protectants (BSS + and viscoelastics) during surgery has increased the success rate of this surgery in camelids. Unlike cataract surgery in dogs and horses undergoing, cataract surgery, in camelids seems to be important to remove much of the posterior lens capsule. This removal prevents severe capsular fibrosis and subsequent vision loss. There is evidence that a posterior capsulectomy and anterior viterectomy can help prevent postoperative glaucoma. Research needs to be done to see whether these species have an increased risk for ciliary-block glaucoma. 相似文献