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1.
Tumpey TM Maines TR Van Hoeven N Glaser L Solórzano A Pappas C Cox NJ Swayne DE Palese P Katz JM García-Sastre A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5812):655-659
The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human alpha-2,6 to the avian alpha-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human alpha-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals. 相似文献
2.
In serums of unusually isolated Pacific islanders whose only exposure to influenza occurred during the era of the 1918 pandemic the residual neutralizing antibody was greatest to the PR/8 and BH strains of human type A influenza virus, significantly lower to swine influenza virus, and absent to equine or later human type A virus strains. The pandemic virus was thus antigenically closer to human type A strains isolated during the middle 1930's than to other known influenza virus types. 相似文献
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Gamblin SJ Haire LF Russell RJ Stevens DJ Xiao B Ha Y Vasisht N Steinhauer DA Daniels RS Elliot A Wiley DC Skehel JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1838-1842
The 1918 influenza pandemic resulted in about 20 million deaths. This enormous impact, coupled with renewed interest in emerging infections, makes characterization of the virus involved a priority. Receptor binding, the initial event in virus infection, is a major determinant of virus transmissibility that, for influenza viruses, is mediated by the hemagglutinin (HA) membrane glycoprotein. We have determined the crystal structures of the HA from the 1918 virus and two closely related HAs in complex with receptor analogs. They explain how the 1918 HA, while retaining receptor binding site amino acids characteristic of an avian precursor HA, is able to bind human receptors and how, as a consequence, the virus was able to spread in the human population. 相似文献
4.
When gene sequences from the influenza virus that caused the 1918 pandemic were first compared with those of related viruses, they yielded few clues about its origins and virulence. Our reanalysis indicates that the hemagglutinin gene, a key virulence determinant, originated by recombination. The "globular domain" of the 1918 hemagglutinin protein was encoded by a part of a gene derived from a swine-lineage influenza, whereas the "stalk" was encoded by parts derived from a human-lineage influenza. Phylogenetic analyses showed that this recombination, which probably changed the virulence of the virus, occurred at the start of, or immediately before, the pandemic and thus may have triggered it. 相似文献
5.
Stevens J Corper AL Basler CF Taubenberger JK Palese P Wilson IA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1866-1870
The 1918 "Spanish" influenza pandemic represents the largest recorded outbreak of any infectious disease. The crystal structure of the uncleaved precursor of the major surface antigen of the extinct 1918 virus was determined at 3.0 angstrom resolution after reassembly of the hemagglutinin gene from viral RNA fragments preserved in 1918 formalin-fixed lung tissues. A narrow avian-like receptor-binding site, two previously unobserved histidine patches, and a less exposed surface loop at the cleavage site that activates viral membrane fusion reveal structural features primarily found in avian viruses, which may have contributed to the extraordinarily high infectivity and mortality rates observed during 1918. 相似文献
6.
Fleishman SJ Whitehead TA Ekiert DC Dreyfus C Corn JE Strauch EM Wilson IA Baker D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6031):816-821
We describe a general computational method for designing proteins that bind a surface patch of interest on a target macromolecule. Favorable interactions between disembodied amino acid residues and the target surface are identified and used to anchor de novo designed interfaces. The method was used to design proteins that bind a conserved surface patch on the stem of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) from the 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus. After affinity maturation, two of the designed proteins, HB36 and HB80, bind H1 and H5 HAs with low nanomolar affinity. Further, HB80 inhibits the HA fusogenic conformational changes induced at low pH. The crystal structure of HB36 in complex with 1918/H1 HA revealed that the actual binding interface is nearly identical to that in the computational design model. Such designed binding proteins may be useful for both diagnostics and therapeutics. 相似文献
7.
禽流感与人类健康 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
禽流感(avian influenza,AI)是由A型流感病毒(avian influenza virus)引起的一种禽类感染征或疾病综合症,高致病性禽流感(highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI)可引起禽类100％的死亡。由于抗原转变和抗原漂移,禽流感病毒是高度可变的。人禽流感是指高致病性禽流感病毒跨越物种界限,引起人类感染的一种新发传染病。目前,全球已发现H5N1、H7N7、H9N2等亚型禽流感病毒可感染人类。但目前还没有发现禽流感病毒具有在人群中相互传播的能力。对禽流感必须采用积极的预防策略。在加强监测的基础上,对家禽采用扑杀和免疫相结合的措施,可以有效地控制禽流感的流行。研制人类流感疫苗,是预防新的流感病毒株的流行的可靠保证。 相似文献
8.
Are we ready for pandemic influenza? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
During the past year, the public has become keenly aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continuing threat of bioterrorism, the proliferation of West Nile virus, and the discovery of human cases of monkeypox in the United States. At the same time, an old foe has again raised its head, reminding us that our worst nightmare may not be a new one. In 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus, including the H5N1 and H7N7 subtypes, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. Direct avian-to-human influenza transmission was unknown before 1997. Have we responded to these threats by better preparing for emerging disease agents, or are we continuing to act only as crises arise? Here we consider progress to date in preparedness for an influenza pandemic and review what remains to be done. We conclude by prioritizing the remaining needs and exploring the reasons for our current lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic. 相似文献
9.
Structure and receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin from an H5N1 influenza virus 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Stevens J Blixt O Tumpey TM Taubenberger JK Paulson JC Wilson IA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5772):404-410
The hemagglutinin (HA) structure at 2.9 angstrom resolution, from a highly pathogenic Vietnamese H5N1 influenza virus, is more related to the 1918 and other human H1 HAs than to a 1997 duck H5 HA. Glycan microarray analysis of this Viet04 HA reveals an avian alpha2-3 sialic acid receptor binding preference. Introduction of mutations that can convert H1 serotype HAs to human alpha2-6 receptor specificity only enhanced or reduced affinity for avian-type receptors. However, mutations that can convert avian H2 and H3 HAs to human receptor specificity, when inserted onto the Viet04 H5 HA framework, permitted binding to a natural human alpha2-6 glycan, which suggests a path for this H5N1 virus to gain a foothold in the human population. 相似文献
10.
Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Herfst S Schrauwen EJ Linster M Chutinimitkul S de Wit E Munster VJ Sorrell EM Bestebroer TM Burke DF Smith DJ Rimmelzwaan GF Osterhaus AD Fouchier RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6088):1534-1541
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus can cause morbidity and mortality in humans but thus far has not acquired the ability to be transmitted by aerosol or respiratory droplet ("airborne transmission") between humans. To address the concern that the virus could acquire this ability under natural conditions, we genetically modified A/H5N1 virus by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent serial passage in ferrets. The genetically modified A/H5N1 virus acquired mutations during passage in ferrets, ultimately becoming airborne transmissible in ferrets. None of the recipient ferrets died after airborne infection with the mutant A/H5N1 viruses. Four amino acid substitutions in the host receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin, and one in the polymerase complex protein basic polymerase 2, were consistently present in airborne-transmitted viruses. The transmissible viruses were sensitive to the antiviral drug oseltamivir and reacted well with antisera raised against H5 influenza vaccine strains. Thus, avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza. 相似文献
11.
甲型流感病毒感染性强,宿主广泛,主要感染禽类,其次为哺乳动物。当跨物种传染事件发生时,有可能造成流感大流行,因此,对病毒实施及时有效的监控,以及研发抗流感病毒药物刻不容缓。流感病毒表面的糖蛋白血凝素在病毒入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥了关键的作用,可作为单克隆抗体药物的主要靶点。针对血凝素的单克隆抗体能够有效抑制病毒传播,保护宿主。因此,本文综述了目前报道的针对甲型流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的人单克隆抗体,为后续抗流感药物的研发提供新的思路和展望。 相似文献
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13.
Smith DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5772):392-394
The threat of pandemic human influenza looms as we survey the ongoing avian influenza pandemic and wonder if and when it will jump species. What are the risks and how can we plan? The nub of the problem lies in the inherent variability of the virus, which makes prediction difficult. However, it is not impossible; mathematical models can help determine and quantify critical parameters and thresholds in the relationships of those parameters, even if the relationships are nonlinear and obscure to simple reasoning. Mathematical models can derive estimates for the levels of drug stockpiles needed to buy time, how and when to modify vaccines, whom to target with vaccines and drugs, and when to enforce quarantine measures. Regardless, the models used for pandemic planning must be tested, and for this we must continue to gather data, not just for exceptional scenarios but also for seasonal influenza. 相似文献
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【目的】了解H1N1猪流感病毒广西分离株的分子特征,为广西猪流感疫情监控提供参考依据。【方法】采用RT-PCR对2011年分离获得的H1N1猪流感病毒广西分离株（A/swine/Guangxi/1/2011）的HA基因进行扩增,然后利用DNASTAR分析软件对测序基因片段进行整个阅读框架的核苷酸序列及其推导氨基酸序列同源性比对分析,并用MEGA4.0绘制遗传进化树。【结果】广西分离株HA基因长1701bp,编码566个氨基酸,核苷酸序列与经典SIV的同源性为88.0%~99.6%,与季节性H1N1人流感病毒的同源性为76.3%~77.3%,与欧洲类禽SIV分离株的同源性为72.9%~75.4%,与2009甲型H1N1流感病毒的同源性为99.2%~99.6%;从核苷酸遗传进化树可知,广西分离株与类禽H1N1流感病毒和人H1N1流感病毒分离株的亲缘关系较远,而与2009甲型H1N1流感病毒分离株的亲缘关系最近。广西分离毒株HA基因的裂解位点序列为IPSIQSR↓G,具有典型低致病性流感病毒的分子生物学特征;共有8个糖基化位点,其中6个位于HAl区,两个位于HA2区;广西分离株HA蛋白RBS位点的氨基酸同时具有人和猪流感病毒的特点。【结论】广西分离株（A/swine/Guangxi/1/2011）属于2009甲型H1N1流感病毒。 相似文献
17.
【目的】流感病毒是一种人兽共患病原,常引起大流行,给人类健康造成巨大威胁,且流感病毒易发生变异,能不断逃逸宿主细胞的免疫反应,对现有抗流感药物产生耐药性,因此寻找抵抗流感的新方法迫在眉睫。研究通过探索NMRAL1(NmrA-like family domain-containing protein 1)对流感病毒复制的影响,并揭示其发挥作用的分子机制,为抗流感药物研发提供潜在靶点。【方法】采用siRNA干扰技术在A549细胞中下调表达NMRAL1,并通过Western Blot检测siRNA干扰后NMRAL1的表达水平;在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,分别感染A/Anhui/2/2005 (AH05) (H5N1)和A/WSN/33 (H1N1) 两株不同亚型流感病毒,利用蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后24和48 h细胞上清中的病毒滴度。为确定NMRAL1影响流感病毒复制的具体阶段,在HEK293T细胞中瞬时转染NMRAL1-Myc-pCAGGS质粒过表达NMRAL1,通过双荧光素酶报告系统检测过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性的影响;使用免疫荧光技术对流感病毒NP蛋白进行染色,通过激光共聚焦试验观察下调表达NMRAL1对感染病毒后3、4、5、6和8 h NP蛋白在被感染细胞中的定位情况的影响,判断下调表达NMRAL1是否影响流感病毒的入核和出核过程;利用Western Blot检测下调表达NMRAL1对流感病毒各病毒蛋白表达的影响和对流感病毒激活I型干扰素通路下游IFN刺激基因（ISGs）表达的影响,利用间接免疫荧光试验进一步研究NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的影响。【结果】Western Blot检测发现NMRAL1 siRNA能显著下调NMRAL1表达,在下调表达NMRAL1的A549细胞中分别感染H5N1和H1N1病毒,并通过蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后细胞上清中的病毒滴度,结果显示在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,感染流感病毒后24和48 h收取的细胞上清中病毒滴度显著下降,表明NMRAL1能促进不同亚型流感病毒的复制;为进一步探索NMRAL1调控流感病毒复制的具体机制,利用双荧光素酶报告系统检测流感病毒聚合酶活性,发现过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性无明显影响;激光共聚焦试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达不影响NP蛋白的入核和出核过程,同时Western Blot检测表明下调NMRAL1表达不影响各病毒蛋白的表达;但荧光定量PCR试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达能够促进流感病毒感染诱导的IFN-β mRNA水平上升,且Western Blot检测发现下调表达NMRAL1促进I型干扰素通路下游的MxA和IFITM3抗病毒蛋白的表达,与此同时,间接免疫荧光试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达可显著抑制流感病毒复制。【结论】在流感病毒感染过程中,NMRAL1不影响流感病毒的入侵以及转录翻译过程,而是通过抑制I型干扰素通路激活从而抑制MxA、IFITM3等抗病毒因子的表达,最终促进流感病毒复制。研究证实宿主因子NMRAL1正调控流感病毒的复制,丰富了参与流感病毒复制的宿主因子网络。 相似文献
18.
Fa-chao SUN Min TAN Yuan-chao ZHANG Yu-chao WANG Sheng-liang CAO Guo-fei DING Fang-yuan CONG Li-hong GUO Si-dang LIU Yi-hong XIAO 《农业科学学报》2019,18(7):1436-1442
To investigate the epizootic of swine influenza virus(SIV), 60 nasal swabs were collected from a clinical cases of pig farm in Tai'an City, Shandong Province of China in April 2017. SIV was isolated by inoculating into 10-day-old Special Pathogen Free embryonated eggs and the whole genome was sequenced. An H1N1 subtype SIV was isolated and designated as A/swine/Shandong/TA04/2017(H1N1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that apart from the polymerase A(PA) fragment belonging to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 branch, seven genome segments belonged to avian-like H1N1 influenza virus lineage. The cleavage site sequence of the hemagglutinin(HA) protein was PSIQSR↓G, which is a typical molecular biological characteristic. Five potential N-glycosylation sites(N14, N26, N277, N484 and N543) were found in the HA gene. To further investigate the epidemiology of SIV in this farm, the 995 serum samples were assessed with EAH1N1 2009 pandemic H1N1 and H3 N2 antigens. The results showed that the total positive rate was 65.43%. The positive rates of single virus infection detected by EAH1N1, 2009 pdmH1N1 and H3 N2 for serum HI(Hemagglutination inhibition) were 48.35, 30.85 and 7.47%, respectively. The results showed that SIV in Shandong Province has been reassorted in some segments and the SIV-positive rate was high on the SIV outbreak farm. These data provide evidence of an epizootic of SIV. 相似文献
19.
Reassortant virus derived from avian and human influenza A viruses is attenuated and immunogenic in monkeys 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
B R Murphy D L Sly E L Tierney N T Hosier J G Massicot W T London R M Chanock R G Webster V S Hinshaw 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,218(4579):1330-1332
An influenza A reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, A/Udorn/72 (H3N2), and the six other influenza A virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. In monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restricted in its level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its avian influenza virus parent. Nonetheless, infection with the reassortant induced significant resistant to challenge with virulent human influenza virus. In hamsters, the reassortant virus replicated to a level intermediate between that of its parents. These findings suggest that the nonsurface antigen genes of the avian parental virus are the primary determinants of restriction of replication of the reassortant virus in monkeys. Attenuation of the reassortant virus for primates is achieved by inefficient functioning of the avian influenza genes in primate cells, while antigenic specificity of the human influenza virus is provided by the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin genes derived from the human virus. This approach could lead to the development of a live influenza A virus vaccine that is attenuated for man if the avian influenza genes are similarly restricted in human cells. 相似文献