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1.
对冀北山地落叶松桦木混交林、山杨桦木混交林、油松蒙古栎混交林3种典型林分林冠层降水分配进行了研究。结果表明：在观测期间,随着降雨量的增加,穿透雨量、径流量和林冠截留量都增加,林冠截留率降低;3种林分穿透雨量分别为115.31,115.08,125.94mm,分别占林外降雨总量的68.94%,68.81%,75.31%;3种林分单株树干径流量分别为4.35,5.90,6.24mm,分别占降雨总量的2.56%,3.47%,3.67%;可用线性回归方程来分别拟合穿透雨、树干径流、林冠截留量与林外降雨间的关系,均取得较好结果。引用林冠截留概念模型,能够较好地预测冀北山地森林生态系统降雨的林冠截留特征。 相似文献
2.
六盘山分水岭沟典型森林植被对大气降雨的再分配规律及其影响因子 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
通过2009年5-10月定位监测的六盘山分水岭沟内的典型森林植被(华北落叶松林、白桦林)的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留等数据资料,并基于样地调查数据和同期气象数据,对两种典型林分对大气降雨的再分配特征及其有关影响因子进行综合分析。结果表明:研究期间,林外降雨总量为727.5mm,六盘山分水岭沟华北落叶松林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,分别占林外降雨总量的15.26%,74.04%和0.22%;白桦林的林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别占林外降雨总量的9.13%,76.98%和0.33%。两种林分的穿透雨量和树干茎流量与降雨量均呈极显著的线性关系(P0.01),穿透雨率、树干茎流率以及林冠截留率与降雨量呈极显著的对数函数关系(P0.01)。华北落叶松林和白桦林两种林分产生树干茎流的降雨临界值分别为6.0mm和3.5mm。对华北落叶松林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量空气相对湿度降雨期间的气温降雨历时风速;对白桦林林冠截留影响程度由大到小的因子依次为:降雨强度降雨量降雨历时降雨期间的气温空气相对湿度风速。降雨强度和降雨量是对该区森林植被林冠截留影响最显著的两个因子,均以风速因子影响程度最低。 相似文献
3.
祁连山青海云杉林冠降雨再分配特征及影响因素 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
以祁连山排露沟小流域青海云杉林为研究对象,2015年5—9月观测了34场降雨的林外降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量,并同步观测了相关的林外气象因子,分析了青海云杉林冠降雨再分配特征及影响因素。结果表明:(1)青海云杉林的总穿透雨量、树干茎流量和截留量分别为275.9,1.8,90.0mm,分别占总降雨量的75.04%,0.48%和24.48%,并在不同降雨量等级之间存在差异。(2)冠层降雨再分配各组成要素(穿透雨、树干茎流、林冠截留)与降雨量、降雨历时、10min最大雨强、空气相对湿度呈极显著的相关性。随着降雨量和降雨历时的增大,穿透雨量和树干茎流量均不断增大,而穿透雨率、树干茎流率和截留量(率)均逐渐趋于稳定。(3)青海云杉林内产生穿透雨和树干茎流的临界降雨量分别为0.8mm和9.6mm。因此,气象因素是影响冠层降雨再分配的重要因素之一。 相似文献
4.
辽河源3种林分降雨再分配特征及其影响因素 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
于2013和2014年5—9月对辽河源自然保护区油松林、山杨林和华北落叶松林的穿透雨、树干茎流和林冠截留进行了监测,分析森林冠层对降水再分配的影响。结果表明:(1)油松林、华北落叶松林和山杨林的穿透雨率分别为78.8%,81.1%和83.8%,3种林分穿透雨量与林外降雨量呈线性正相关,穿透雨月变化与林外降雨量月变化趋势一致,油松林、山杨林和华北落叶松林产生穿透雨的临界降雨量分别为1.5,0.9,1.2mm;3种林分的树干茎流率分别为油松林0.8%、华北落叶松林1.0%、山杨林3.7%,树干茎流量与降雨量成正比。(2)林冠截留能力为油松林(20.4%)华北落叶松(17.9%)山杨林(12.4%),油松林的林冠截流率显著高于山杨林,在降雨量较小时表现更加明显,降雨特征和冠层结构对林冠截流都产生影响。 相似文献
5.
江西大岗山杉木人工林降雨截留特征及修正Gash模型的模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究杉木人工林降雨截留特征,选择江西大岗山国家森林生态系统定位研究站杉木人工林固定观测试验样地,对其大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量进行定位观测,采用修正的Gash模型对其降雨截留过程进行模拟。结果表明,研究期间观测到的林外降雨量、穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为1289.5,955.2,57.1,277.2mm,模拟的穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别为946.4,53.6,289.5mm,占降雨总量的73.4%,4.2%和22.4%,相对误差分别为1.0%,6.1%和4.4%。模拟结果和实测值具有很好的一致性,说明修正的Gash模型在江西大岗山杉木人工林降雨截留模拟应用中具有很好地适用性。 相似文献
6.
浑河上游典型水源涵养林降雨再分配过程 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为明确浑河上游典型水源涵养林的降雨再分配过程,以浑河上游地区5种典型水源涵养林(红松人工林、落叶松人工林、红松混交林、落叶松混交林、阔叶混交林)为研究对象,应用自记式观测记录仪,分析不同林型林冠层对降水再分配过程(穿透雨、树干茎流、林冠截留)的影响。结果表明:各林型穿透雨量(率)、树干茎流量(率)、林冠截留量均随林外降雨量增加而增大;穿透雨量、树干茎流量、林冠截留量均与林外降雨量呈显著的线性正相关;各林型穿透雨率、树干茎流率与林外降雨量呈显著的对数函数关系;红松混交林、落叶松混交林的树干茎流率(32.12%,15.44%)均高于阔叶混交林与红松、落叶松人工林,红松、落叶松人工林的林冠截留能力(80.66%,77.47%)高于阔叶混交林、针阔混交林。该结果为浑河上游地区水源涵养林的最优空间结构配置与经营管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
岷江上游油松与华山松人工混交林对降雨的截留分配效应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
人工油松与华山松混交林是岷江上游区域主要的群落类型，采用水量平衡的方法，研究了混交林林冠截留量、穿透量、树干茎流量等指标。通过混交林对24场降雨分配的定位观测，结果表明林冠截留量83．47mm、穿透量81．43mm、茎流量2．00mm，分别占同期降雨量的50．o％，48．8％，1．2％；幂函数方程能较好地拟合林冠截留量与林外降雨量之间的关系，而线性方程能较好地拟合穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林外降雨量之间的关系。结果表明恢复重建后的人工油松与华山松混交林生态系统在水源涵养、水土保持上效果明显。 相似文献
8.
《水土保持研究》2015,(5)
为了探究落叶松林对降雨再分配的过程,通过对木兰围场国有林场管理局北沟林场内落叶松林进行穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流3个方面进行了监测,结果表明:(1)穿透雨量和林冠截留占林外降雨量的比例比较大,树干径流量的比例则非常小,分别为59.44%,39.20%,1.36%;(2)穿透雨量和林外降雨呈现线性关系(R2=0.988 6),林冠截留量与林外降雨量也具有明显的幂函数关系(R2=0.755 9),树干径流与林外降雨量具有明显的线性相关关系(R2=0.755 9),并且都达到了极显著水平(p0.01);(3)根据穿透雨与林外降雨的方程,当林外降雨量高于1.81mm时会产生穿透雨。依据林外降雨与树干径流的方程,当林外降雨高于5.18mm时会产生树干径流。林冠在降雨再分配过程中起到了很重要的作用,形成了二次降雨。 相似文献
9.
以小兴安岭原始红松林为研究对象,通过97场的降雨测定,对原始红松林的降雨截留分配效应进行系统研究。结果表明:原始红松林在生长季内的林冠截留量为98.68 mm,占同期降雨量的19.61%,是次生白桦林的1.3倍。与全国其他森林类型的平均林冠截留率（11.4%～36.5%）相比,原始红松林的林冠截留率处于中等水平。原始红松林在生长季内的穿透雨量和树干径流量分别为395.77和8.78mm,分别占同期降雨量的78.65%和1.74%。与次生白桦林相比,其穿透雨量减少,而树干径流量增加。统计分析表明,原始红松林的林冠截留量、林内穿透雨量和树干径流量与林外降雨量之间均呈现紧密的三次多项式函数关系（p<0.01）,而次生白桦林的林内穿透雨量与林外降雨量之间却呈现良好的直线关系（p<0.01）。最后,对影响林内穿透雨和树干径流的因子进行筛选和分析,为研究针阔混交林的降雨分配效应提供重要参考。 相似文献
10.
亚热带米槠次生林和杉木人工林林冠截留特征比较 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
通过对福建三明地区米槠次生林和杉木人工林林内穿透雨和树干茎流进行对比分析,研究2种林分类型对降雨再分配规律的影响及其关键影响因素。在研究区2种林分内分别选取了3个20m×20m标准样地,同时设置了穿透雨和树干茎流收集装置,每场降雨后测定相应的水量。结果表明:研究期内年降雨量为1 706.6mm,米槠次生林和杉木人工林林内穿透雨量没有显著差异,总穿透雨量分别为1 204.0mm和1 289.9mm,分别占年降雨的70.6%和75.6%;米槠次生林树干茎流量显著高于杉木人工林(p0.05),两者的树干茎流率分别为4.8%和2.7%;米槠次生林和杉木人工林的林冠截留率分别为24.7%和21.8%。林内穿透雨量与林冠郁闭度和叶面积指数呈负相关关系,说明林分郁闭度越高则穿透雨量越少。米槠次生林和杉木人工林林冠截留的差异主要受林冠开阔度和树皮结构的影响,因此树种差异显著改变了森林生态系统降水再分配模式。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献