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1.
长期施用有机肥对水稻土CO2释放与固定的影响   总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13  
 在浙江省黄岩水稻土上开展的26年长期施肥定位试验表明，长期施用有机肥可以促使土壤有机质持续增长，增长幅度随有机肥用量增加而增加。通过数学模拟，估算出每年施用猪厩肥16.5～49.5 t·ha-1相应释放CO2 10.04～21.61 t·ha-1·a-1。每年施入鲜猪厩肥16.5～49.5 t·ha-1则相应固定CO2 1.885～3.463 t·ha-1·a-1。为此，通过长期施用有机肥对削弱土壤碳释放对大气CO2浓度升高的影响是可行的。  相似文献   

2.
The present study aims to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC), black carbon (BC), enzyme activity, and the relationships among these parameters. Paddy field was continuously fertilized over 30 yr with nine different fertilizer treatments including N, P, K, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK (two-fold NPK), NPK+manure (NPKM), and CK (no fertilization), N, 90 kg urea-N ha−1 yr−1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P2O5 ha−1 yr−1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K2O ha−1 yr−1; and pig manure, 22 500 kg ha−1 yr−1. Soil samples were collected and determined for SOC, BC content, and enzyme activity. The results showed that the SOC in the NPKM treatment was significantly higher than those in the K, P, and CK treatments. The lowest SOC content was found in the CK treatment. SOC content was similar in the N, NP, NK, NPK, 2NPK, and NPKM treatments. There was no significant difference in BC content among different treatments. The BC-to-SOC ratios (BC/SOC) ranged from 0.50 to 0.63, suggesting that BC might originate from the same source. Regarding enzyme activity, NPK treatment had higher urease activity than NPKM treatment. The urease activity of NPKM treatment was significantly higher than that of 2NPK, NP, N, P, K, CK, and NPKM treatment which produced higher activities of acid phosphatase, catalase, and invertase than all other treatments. Our results indicated that long-term fertilization did not significantly affect BC content. Concurrent application of manure and mineral fertilizers increased SOC content and significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Correlation analysis showed that catalase activity was significantly associated with invertase activity, but SOC, BC, and enzyme activity levels were not significantly correlated with one another. No significant correlations were observed between BC and soil enzymes. It is unknown whether soil enzymes play a role in the decomposition of BC.  相似文献   

3.
Ammonia (NH3) emissions should be mitigated to improve environmental quality.Croplands are one of the largest NH3sources,they must be managed properly to reduce their emissions while achieving the target yields.Herein,we report the NH3 emissions,crop yield and changes in soil fertility in a long-term trial with various fertilization regimes,to explore whether NH3 emissions can be significantly reduced using the 4R nutrient stewardship (4Rs),and its int...  相似文献   

4.
Organic amendment is considered as an effective way to increase soil organic carbon （SOC） stock in croplands. To better understand its potential for SOC sequestration, whether SOC saturation could be observed in an intensive agricultural ecosystem receiving long-term composted manure were examined. Different SOC pools were isolated by physical fractionation techniques ofa Cambisol soil under a long-term manure experiment with wheat-maize cropping in North China Plain. A field experiment was initiated in 1993, with 6 treatments including control （i.e., without fertilization）, chemical fertilizer only, low rate of traditional composted manure （7.5 t ha-h）, high rate of traditional composted manure （15 t ha-~）, low rate ofbio-composted manure （7.5 t ha-h） and high rate of bio-composted manure （15 t ha-h）. The results showed that consecutive （for up to 20 years） composted manure amendments significantly improved soil macro-aggregation, aggregate associated SOC concentration, and soil structure stability. In detail, SOC concentration in the sand-sized fraction （〉53 ~tm） continued to increase with manure application rate, while the silt （2-53 I.tm） and clay （〈2 ~tm） particles showed no further increase with greater C inputs, exhibiting the C saturation. Further physical separation of small macro-aggregates （250-2 000 tam） into subpools showed that the non-protected coarse particulate organic matter （cPOM, 〉250 pro） was the fraction in which SOC continued to increase with increasing manure application rate. In contrast, the chemical and physical protected C pools （i.e., micro-aggregates and silt-clay occluded in the small macro- aggregates） exhibited no additional C sequestration when the manure application rate was increased. It can be concluded that repeated manure amendments can increase soil macro-aggregation and lead to the increase in relatively stable C pools, showing hierarchical saturation behavior in the intensive cropping system of North China Plain.  相似文献   

5.
《农业科学学报》2023,22(7):2233-2247
Green manure (GM) has been used to support rice production in southern China for thousands of years. However, the effects of GM on soil carbon sequestration (CS) and the carbon footprint (CF) at a regional scale remain unclear. Therefore, we combined the datasets from long-term multisite experiments with a meta-analysis approach to quantify the potential of GM to increase the CS and reduce the CF of paddy soils in southern China. Compared with the fallow–rice practice, the GM–rice practice increased the soil C stock at a rate of 1.62 Mg CO2-eq ha–1 yr–1 and reduced chemical N application by 40% with no loss in the rice yield. The total CF varied from 7.51 to 13.66 Mg CO2-eq ha–1 yr–1 and was dominated by CH4 emissions (60.7–81.3%). GM decreased the indirect CF by 31.4% but increased the direct CH4 emissions by 19.6%. In the low and high CH4 emission scenarios, the CH4 emission factors of GM (EFgc) were 5.58 and 21.31%, respectively. The greater soil CS offset the increase in GM-derived CF in the low CH4 scenario, but it could not offset the CF increase in the high CH4 scenario. A trade-off analysis also showed that GM can simultaneously increase the CS and reduce the total CF of the rice production system when the EFgc was less than 9.20%. The variation in EFgc was mainly regulated by the GM application rates and water management patterns. Determining the appropriate GM application rate and drainage pattern warrant further investigation to optimize the potential of the GM–rice system to increase the CS and reduce the total CF in China.  相似文献   

6.
A long-term （1982-2001） field experiment was conducted in a calcareous soil under wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system at Zhangye, Gansu Province, China to determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield, nutrients interactions, content and accumulation of nitrate-N in soil profiles. Twenty- four plots in a split-plot factorial with a combination of eight treatments （from nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and farmyard manure （M） applications） and 3 replications were selected. Main treatments were M and without M, and the sub-treatments were no-fertilizer （CK）, N, NP and NPK. When P and K fertilizers were part of treatments, their ratio to N was 1N：0.22P：0.42K. All M, P and K fertilizers were applied as the basal dressing. The grain yield was harvested each experimental period and straw yield for the period from 1988 to 1997. After crop harvest in 2000, the soil was sampled from the 0-20, 20-60, 60-100, 100-140 and 140-180 cm depths to determine NO3^--N content. Maize yield of CK in 2000 was only 28.2% of that in 1984, and wheat in 2001 was 25.7% of that observed in 1982. Average impact of fertilizers on grain yield decreased in the order of N 〉 M 〉 P 〉 K. Yield response to N and P fertilizers increased with progress of the experiment. The impact of K fertilizer showed no increase in grain yield during the initial 6 years （1982-1987）, moderate increase in the next 5 years （1988-1992）, and considerable increase in the last 9 years （1993-2001）. The straw yield trend was similar to grain yield. Accumulation and distribution of NO3^--N in soil was significantly affected by annual fertilizations. Mineral fertilizers （NP and NPK） led to NO3^- -N accumulation in most subsoil layers, with major impact in the 20-140 cm depth. The combination of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure （MNP and MNPK） reduced soil NO3^--N accumulation in comparison to mineral fertilizers, It can be argued that long-term fertilization significantly enhanced grain and straw yield in this rotation scheme. The findings of this research suggest that it is important to balance application of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure in order to protect soil and underground water from potential NO3^--N pollution while sustaining high productivity in the oasis agro-ecosystem.  相似文献   

7.
Soil organic carbon （SOC） is an important indicator of soil degradation process. In this study, the long-term SOC evolution in Chinese mollisol farmland was simulated and predicted by validating, analyzing, processing and assorting concerning data, based on clarifying parameters of Century model need, combined with best use of recorded data of field management, observed data of long-term experiments, climate, soil, and biology, and achieved results from Hailun Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results were showed as follows： Before reclamation, SOC content was around 58.00 g kg^-1, SOC content dropped quickly in early years, and then decreased slowly after reclamation. SOC content was around 34.00 g kg^-1 with a yearly average rate of 8.91‰ decrease before long-term experiments was established. After a long-term experiment, SOC would change under different farming systems. Shift farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 30.19 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 5.97‰; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 24.31 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 3.36‰. Organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased slowly from 34.03 to 33.39 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.95‰, 5‰ less than that of shift farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 32.21 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.55‰. ＂Petroleum＂ farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content decreased from 34.03 to 32.88 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 1.72‰, much more than that of organic farming system; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content decreased to 30.89 g kg^-1, with a yearly average rate of 0.96‰. Combined ＂petroleum＂-organic farming system changed as follows： By 20-year model simulation, SOC content was increased slightly; by 100-year model simulation, SOC content increased from 3  相似文献   

8.
The sustainability of the wheat-maize rotation is important to China＇s food security. Intensive cropping without recycling crop residues or other organic inputs results in the loss of soil organic matter （SOM） and nutrients, and is assumed to be non- sustainable. We evaluated the effects of nine different treatments on yields, nitrogen use efficiency, P and K balances, and soil fertility in a wheat-maize rotation system （1991-2010） on silt clay loam in Shaanxi, China. The treatments involved the application of recommended dose of nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, nitrogen and potassium （NK）, phosphorus and potassium （PK）, combined NPK, wheat or maize straw （S） with NPK （SNPK）, or dairy manure （M） with NPK （M1NPK and M2NPK）, along with an un-treated control treatment （CK）. The mean yields of wheat and maize ranged from 992 and 2 235 kg ha-1 under CK to 5 962 and 6 894 kg ha-1 under M2NPK treatment, respectively. Treatments in which either N or P was omitted （N, NK and PK） gave significantly lower crop yields than those in which both were applied. The crop yields obtained under NP, NPK and SNPK treatments were statistically identical, as were those obtained under SNPK and MNPK. However, M2NPK gave a significant higher wheat yield than NP, and MNPK gave significant higher maize yield than both NP and NPK. Wheat yields increased significantly （by 86 to 155 kg ha-1 yr-1） in treatments where NP was applied, but maize yields did not. In general, the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat was the highest under the NP and NPK treatments; for maize, it was the highest under MNPK treatment. The P balance was highly positive under MNPK treatment, increasing by 136 to 213 kg ha-1 annually. While the K balance was negative in most treatments, ranging from 31 to 217 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, levels of soil available K remained unchanged or increased over the 20 yr. SOM levels increased significantly in all treatments. Overall, the results indicated that combinations of organic manure and inorganic nitrogen, or retuming straw with NP is likely to improve soil fertility, increasing the yields achievable with wheat-maize system in a way which is environmentally and agronomically beneficial on the tested soil.  相似文献   

9.
Sustaining soil fertility is essential to the prosperity of many households in the mid-hills of Nepal, but there are concerns that the breakdown of the traditional linkages between forest, livestock, and cropping systems is adversely affecting fertility. This study used triangulated data from surveys of households, discussion groups, and key informants in 16 wards in eastern and western Nepal to determine the existing practices for soil fertility management, the extent of such practices, and the perception of the direction of changes in soil fertility. The two principal practices for maintaining soil fertility were the application of farmyard manure (FYM) and of chemical fertilizer (mainly urea and diammonium phosphate). Green manuring, in-situ manuring, slicing terrace risers, and burning plant residues are rarely practiced. FYM usage was variable with more generally applied to khet land (average 6053 kg fresh weight manure ha–1) than to bari land (average 4185 kg fresh weight manure ha–1) with manure from goats and poultry preferred above that from cows and buffaloes. Almost all households (98%) apply urea to khet land and 87% to bari land, with 45% applying diammonium phosphate to both types of land. Application rates and timings of applications varied considerably both within and between wards suggesting poor knowledge transfer between the research and farming communities. The benefits of chemical fertilizers in terms of ease of application and transportation in comparison with FYM, were perceived to outweigh the widely reported detrimental hardening of soil associated with their continued usage. Among key informants, FYM applied in conjunction with chemical fertilizer was the most popular amendment, with FYM alone preferred more than chemical fertilizer alone – probably because of the latters long-term detrimental effects. Key informant and householder surveys differed in their perception of fertility changes in the last decade probably because of differences in age and site-specific knowledge. All key informants felt that fertility had declined but among households, only about 40% perceived a decline with the remainder about evenly divided between no change and an increase. Householders with small landholdings (< 0.5 ha) were more likely to perceive increasing soil fertility while those with larger landholdings (> 2 ha) were more likely to perceive declining fertility. Perceived changes in soil fertility were not related to food self-sufficiency. The reasons for the slow spread of new technologies within wards and the poor understanding of optimal use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with improved quality FYM may repay further investigation in terms of sustaining soil fertility in this region.Colin Pilbeam graduated from the University of Oxford with an MA in Agriculture and Forest Sciences. He spent 11 years as a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Soil Science, The University of Reading researching nitrogen and water dynamics in cropping systems in Kenya, Syria, and Nepal. He is now the manager of research programs at Cranfield School of Management.Sudarshan Bhakta Mathema is a senior agricultural economist based in Kathmandu, Nepal. After serving the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, in Nepal for 23 years, he joined the UNs Food and Agriculture Organization as the Farming Systems Economist for 2years. Currently, Dr. Mathema is the Manager of the Hill Agriculture Research Project with the Department for International Development, UK. Dr Mathema has major expertise in the fields of farming systems research and development, participatory research and development, competitive grant systems, sustainable rural livelihoods, impact assessment, project management and implementation, agricultural extension methods, and various types of socio-economic research. He has worked as a consultant for various national and international institutes. He has published papers and reports in the field of agriculture, particularly focusing on Nepal.Peter Gregory has been the Professor of Soil Science at the University of Reading since 1994. His research focuses on the interactions between plant roots and soils and on the development of sustainable systems of crop production. He has worked in Australia, Syria, Nepal, India, and West Africa and is the chair of Global Environmental Change and Food Systems – an international research project on food security.Padma Bahadur Shakya is an Agricultural Economist who has worked for the Department of Agriculture under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives in Nepal for more than 20 years. He has also been a short-term consultant for various national and international organizations such as FAO, the UNs World Food Programme, Swiss Development Corporation, Asian Development Bank, JICA, HARP, and several local NGOs. Currently, he is affiliated with the Agriculture Perspective Plan Support Programme, implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.  相似文献   

10.
In order to assess the effects of chemical properties of soil salinity on electrical conductivity of 1：5 soil/water extract （EC1：5）, the study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. The relationship between EC1：5 and the chemical properties of soil salinity in the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, China, were studied using path coefficient analysis, a path analysis method. We studied each key element affecting EC1：5 either directly or indirectly. The results obtained show that the salt content, total dissolved solids （TDS）, and the sum of the sodium ion concentration and the kalium ion concentration are the most influential factors on 1：5 soil/ water extract （EC1：5） in the 0-10 cm and the 30-50 cm soil layer. The results show that the sequence of direct path coefficients in the 0-10 cm and the 30-50 cm soil layers on soil conductivity is TDS→Na^＋ ＋ K^＋→Salt content→Ca^2＋→Cl-→the sodium dianion ratio （SDR）→pH→ SO4^2-→HCO3^-→Mg^2＋→the soluble sodium percentage （SSP） sodium absorption ratio （SAR） and TDS→Salt content→Na^＋ ＋ K^＋→Ca^2＋→SDR→Mg^2＋→HCO3^-→SSP→pH→SO4^2-→SAR→Cl^-. The salt content, chlorine ion, and SAR are the main factors affecting 1：5 soil/water extract （EC1：5） in the 10-30 centimeter soil layer. The order of direct path coefficients result is as follows： Salt content→Cl^-→SAR→SSP→TDS→Ca^2＋→Mg^2＋= SO4^2-→HCO3^-→pH→SDR→Na^- ＋ K^＋. Moreover, the effects of HCO3^-, pH were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SAR, SO4^2- and Ca^2＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. The models of the different soil layers were structured separately. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors had sound reliability and very good accuracy. The research results can serve as a reference to the scientific management amelioration and utilization of saline in the Delta Oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Therefore a field trial was carried out at New Developmental Farm of The University Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan during winter 2012–13. The field experiment was layout in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement having three replications. Fertilizers treatments (control, higo organic plus (composted manure, it contains N 2%, P 3%, K 3%, organic matter 40%, organic carbon 11%, Zn 145 mg kg–1, Cu 56 mg kg–1, Fe 380 mg kg–1 and Mg 228 mg kg–1), maxicrop sea gold (extract of sea weeds i.e., Sargasssum, Laminara Polysaccharide and Ascophyllum Nodosum), farm yard manure, NP (90: 60 kg ha–1), NP (120: 90 kg ha–1) and NP (150: 120 kg ha–1) were allotted to main plots while genotypes (Sandrina, Serenada and Kawe Terma) to the sub plots. Farm yard manure (10 t ha–1) and higo organic Plus (5 t ha–1) was incorporated in the soil before seed bed preparation. Maxicrop sea gold (5 lit ha–1) was sprayed after the emergence of the crop. All phosphorus was applied @ of 60, 90 and 120 kg ha–1 at the time of sowing while nitrogen @ of 90, 120 and 150 kg ha–1 in two splits/3 of the dose was applied at the time of sowing while the remaing 1/3 of the dose was applied before earthen up. Plots treated with application of NP ratio 120: 90 kg ha–1 produced maximum beet yield (76.4 t ha–1), sugar yield (11.1 t ha–1), Pol (polarizable sugar) percentage (14.67%) and more economic return (Rs.234 Thousand ha–1) as compared to control plots. Sugar beet genotype Serenada had significantly produced maximum beet yield (55.5 t ha–1), sugar yield (7.9 t ha–1), pol (polarizable sugar) percentage (14.60%), brix percentage (14.60%) and more economic return (158) as compared to other genotypes. It was concluded from the above results that sugar beet genotype Serenada treated with NP ratio 120: 90 kg ha–1 for improved sugar beet productivity and quality therefore it is recommended for general practice in agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.  相似文献   

12.
Under small and marginal farm conditions, allocation of land exclusively for forages is not possible. Hence, integration of forages in existing crop geometry can ensure production of grain and fodder, simultaneously under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nutrient management practices on rice and fodder intercropping systems under rainfed conditions during 2015–2017. The intercropping system comprised (i) sole rice (R), (ii) rice and cowpea (5:2) (CP) and (iii) rice and ricebean (5:2) (RB) whereas the different nutrient management practices comprised (i) application of farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha–1 (farmers’ practice) (N1), (ii) application of inorganic fertilizer (recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of rice, 60:30:30 kg ha–1 of N:P2O5:K2O) (N2) and (iii) application of both FYM at 5 t ha–1 and 50% of RDF inorganic fertilizer (N3). The results of the experiment revealed that the growth attribute such as leaf area was influenced significantly when fodder crops were taken as intercrops because rice plant was getting more nitrogen from soil due to nitrogen fixation of leguminous fodder crops. Among the nutrient management practices, significant differences in leaf area were found beween N2 and N1, and between N3 and N1 treatments. However, regarding total number of effective tillers, significant differences were found neither between nutrient management practices nor between cropping systems. The rice equivalent yield (REY) based on price (REYP) was found to be significantly lower in CP (2 615 kg ha–1; –6.4%) and RB intercropping systems (2 571 kg ha–1; –8.0%) than in R monocropping system (2 794 kg ha–1). However, the REY based on energy (REYE) of CP (2 999 kg ha–1; +7.3%) and RB (2 960 kg ha–1; +5.9%) were found to be significantly higher than that of R (2 794 kg ha–1) irrespective of nutrient management practices. Between different nutrient management practices, the N3 treatment recorded the highest REYP and REYE which was at par with the N2 treatment and significantly higher than the N1 treatment irrespective of cropping systems. The combined application of both organic and inorganic sources of nutrients helped to supply nutrients throughout the growing season, which led to improved growth parameters and rice yield. The R monocropping system resulted in more income and rain water use efficiency (RWUE) closely followed by rice and fodder intercropping systems. However, the REYE and energy use efficiency (EUE) of rice and fodder intercropping systems were higher than those of R. Also, fodder helped to meet the requirement of cattle feeding in the off-season. Hence, the intercropping system is advocated in the study zone. Further study can be done on ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential of the intercropping system, as well as the system’s coping ability in response to short drought through observing periodic soil moisture regime in root zone.  相似文献   

13.
Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level.  相似文献   

14.
为了解新垦红壤培肥过程中有机物料用量对土壤有机碳积累、培肥效率及土壤性态的影响,选择一新垦耕地红壤,设置秸秆、秸秆加氮和猪粪等3种添加物各7个施用水平共19个处理,每种有机物料用量设0(对照)、25、50、100、150、200和250 g·kg-1等7个级别,进行了为期24个月的模拟培养试验,观察了有机物料分解率、土壤C/N、活性有机碳和养分的动态变化.结果表明,随有机物料用量的增加,土壤中活性有机碳、总有机碳含量均增加,C/N比下降,土壤有效磷、速效钾和水溶性盐分含量增加,有机物料在土壤中的分解率也随之增加.猪粪碳的矿化速率低于水稻秸秆,加氮可增加秸秆的腐殖化系数.研究发现,有机物料添加越多,培肥效率(腐殖化系数)越低.同时,高量施用猪粪容易引起土壤盐害.猪粪用量为50g·kg-1(相当于7.5t·亩-1)时土壤盐分含量超过了 2g·kg-1;高量施用水稻秸秆可引起土壤有效氮的下降,秸秆用量超过100 g·kg-1(相当于15 t·亩-1)时土壤碱解氮明显下降;秸秆加氮处理会引起土壤酸化.结果显示,为减免有机物质的过度分解,有机物料的施用量控制在50g·kg-1以下为宜.  相似文献   

15.
《农业科学学报》2023,22(8):2509-2520
Phosphorus (P) is a finite natural resource and is increasingly considered to be a challenge for global sustainability. Agriculture in China plays a key role in global sustainable P management. Rhizosphere and soil-based P management are necessary for improving P-use efficiency and crop productivity in intensive agriculture in China. A previous study has shown that the future demand for phosphate fertilizer by China estimated by the LePA model (legacy phosphorus assessment model) can be greatly reduced by soil-based P management (the building-up and maintenance approach). The present study used the LePA model to predict the phosphate demand by China through combined rhizosphere and soil-based P management at county scale under four P fertilizer scenarios: (1) same P application rate as in 2012; (2) rate maintained same as 2012 in low-P counties or no P fertilizer applied in high-P counties until targeted soil Olsen-P (TPOlsen) level is reached, and then rate was the same as P-removed at harvest; (3) rate in each county decreased to 1–7 kg ha–1 yr–1 after TPOlsen is reached in low-P counties, then increased by 0.1–9 kg ha–1 yr–1 until equal to P-removal; (4) rate maintained same as 2012 in low-P counties until TPOlsen is reached and then equaled to P-removal, while the rate in high-P counties is decreased to 1–7 kg ha–1 yr–1 until TPOlsen is reached and then increased by 0.1–9 kg ha–1 yr–1 until equal to P-removal. Our predictions showed that the total demand for P fertilizer by whole China was 693 Mt P2O5 and according to scenario 4, P fertilizer could be reduced by 57.5% compared with farmer current practice, during the period 2013–2080. The model showed that rhizosphere P management led to a further 8.0% decrease in P fertilizer use compared with soil-based P management. The average soil Olsen-P level in China only needs to be maintained at 17 mg kg–1 to achieve high crop yields. Our results provide a firm basis for government to issue-relevant policies for sustainable P management in China.  相似文献   

16.
为探究华北平原施肥方式和土壤水分对玉米秸秆降解特征及微生物秸秆碳利用效率的影响，从长期定位实验站采集施用9 t/hm2牛粪的有机肥和等养分含量的化肥处理(N、P、K肥)的表层土壤，将13C标记的玉米秸秆分别添加到2种施肥方式的土壤中，在恒湿(田间持水量(WHC)60%)和干旱胁迫(WHC 30%)条件下培养56 d，测定来源于秸秆和土壤本底的CO2排放和微生物量碳(MBC)的动态变化，并分析微生物秸秆碳利用效率和代谢熵。结果表明:添加秸秆后，随着培养时间的延长，土壤总CO2-C排放通量先降低后趋于稳定，土壤总MBC先增加后降低。相比恒湿条件，干旱胁迫显著降低了来源于秸秆和土壤本底(培养第1、3天除外)的CO2-C累积排放量，却显著提高了微生物秸秆碳利用效率；培养前期(第1—7天)，干旱胁迫显著降低了土壤总MBC，但后期(第14—56天)对土壤总MBC影响不显著。恒湿条件下，施用有机肥的土壤中秸秆(培养第1天除外)和土壤本底(培养第1、3天除外)来源的CO2-C累积排放量、微生物代谢熵均显著高于化肥处理，但在培养第3天微生物秸秆碳利用效率显著低于化肥处理；而干旱胁迫条件下2种施肥方式间秸秆(培养第56天除外)和土壤本底来源的CO2-C累积排放量、微生物代谢熵和秸秆碳利用效率差异均不显著。综上，恒湿条件下，施用化肥可显著降低秸秆和土壤原有有机碳的累积矿化量，在培养第3天微生物秸秆碳利用效率显著升高，有利于秸秆碳在土壤中的固存；而在干旱胁迫下，化肥和有机肥施用均有利于秸秆碳的固存。  相似文献   

17.
【目的】研究牛粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆与化肥配施还田,对黑土温室气体排放及全球增温潜势的影响。【方法】采用静态箱法,试验共设5个处理,分别为:空白对照,单施化肥,牛粪还田配施50%化肥氮(化肥中氮的质量分数为肥料中总氮量的50%),鸡粪还田配施50%化肥氮,秸秆还田配施90%化肥氮。除对照外各处理总施氮量为240kg·hm~(-2)。【结果】各处理中秸秆还田处理的CO_2平均排放通量及总排放量最高,分别达388.96 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和14 718.97 kg·hm~(-2),且追施氮肥明显增加CO_2的排放;单施化肥处理CH_4平均吸收通量及总吸收量最高,分别达0.042 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和1.36 kg·hm~(-2);单施化肥处理N_2O平均排放通量及总排放量最高,分别达0.153 mg·m~(-2)·h-1和5.75 kg·hm~(-2)。秸秆还田处理的全球增温潜势显著高于其他处理,牛粪还田处理较单施化肥处理全球增温潜势降低,但差异不显著。【结论】秸秆覆盖会增加黑土中的CO_2的排放,旱田土壤是大气中CH_4的重要吸收汇,有机无机肥配施对比单施化肥能减少土壤中N_2O的排放,各农业废弃物还田处理对大气变暖贡献程度不同。  相似文献   

18.
新疆绿洲区秸秆燃烧污染物释放量及固碳减排潜力   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
根据 2004-2013年新疆绿洲区主要作物产量,采用排放因子法对秸秆燃烧污染物排放量和碳释放量进行了估算,结果表明,2013年新疆地区作物秸秆燃烧排放的CO2、CO、CH4、NMVOC、OC、BC、SO2、NOx、NH3和PM2.5的量分别为9.0×106 t、5.5×105 t、1.6×104 t、9.4×104 t、1.9×104 t、3.9×103 t、2.4×103 t、1.8×104 t、7.8×103 t和1.2×105 t,碳排放总量为2.7×106 t;在排放清单中,CO2和CO是主要污染物,分别占污染物排放总量的91.6%和5.6%;棉花秸秆为排放贡献最大的污染源,占总排放量的43.3%,其次是小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆,分别占28.3%和21.9%.在此基础上,基于生物炭固碳技术,对该区域作物秸秆转化为生物炭的固碳量和碳封存潜力进行了估算,结果表明,若把被燃烧的三类秸秆(棉花、小麦和玉米)转化为生物炭,则每年可减少该区域54.9%的碳排放量;若将作物秸秆全部转化为生物炭,每年将有3.6×106 t碳和1.3×107 t CO2被长期封存于生物炭中。可见,生物炭具有良好的固碳减排潜力,是一种可持续的碳封存技术。  相似文献   

19.
根据８年化肥、有机肥配合试验，研究Ｍｏ、Ｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆ、Ｃｄ在土中的消长规律。结果表明，有机肥极显著提高有效Ｍｏ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ的含量；磷肥极显著降低有效Ｍｎ、极显著提高水溶性下的含量。在当前生产条件下，欲维持土壤中Ｍｏ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ的原供应水平，每年应施３７．５ｔ／ｈｍ￣２优质厩肥或７５ｔ／ｈｍ￣２土粪。有机肥施用量和土壤中Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆ、Ｃｄ的消长值之间有显著的相关关系。  相似文献   

20.
【目的】研究4种常规施肥模式下,添加生物炭后菜地土壤（褐潮土）CO2释放量、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和微生物生物量碳（SMBC）含量的变化,阐明添加生物炭对土壤CO2释放及不同形态碳的影响。【方法】采用室内恒温好氧培养-气象色谱测定方法,在不施肥（CK）、施有机肥（M）、施化肥（F）、有机无机混施（M+F）4种模式下投入2%和4%（质量比：生物炭/土壤干重）生物炭,定期采集气样和土样,分析土壤CO2的释放量及DOC、SMBC含量的动态变化,并分析DOC、SMBC含量变化与CO2释放量变化之间的相关关系。【结果】在F和M+F基础上,添加生物炭处理的土壤CO2释放速率在培养前期（2—8 d）显著高于未添加生物炭处理,而在10—60 d,二者CO2释放速率无显著差异;在CK和M基础上,添加与未添加生物炭处理在整个培养期间CO2释放速率没有显著差异。在CK基础上,添加2%和4%生物炭后CO2累积释放量分别为2 839和3 272 mg·kg-1,与CK（3 134 mg·kg-1）相比均无显著差异;而在F和M+F基础上,添加2%和4%生物炭后CO2累积释放量均显著提高,分别提高20.6%和19.8%、29.9%和40.7%。相关分析表明,未添加生物炭处理DOC、SMBC含量与CO2释放量之间无相关关系,而添加生物炭处理DOC、SMBC含量与CO2释放量极显著相关。【结论】将生物炭单独投入未施肥土壤中,土壤CO2排放量未出现明显增加或降低;在有机肥基础上添加生物炭,土壤CO2排放量随着生物炭投入量的增加而增加;在化肥、有机无机配施基础上添加生物炭后,土壤CO2排放增加比例最高。  相似文献   

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