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1.
The aim of this study was to compare morphine with the partial agonist, buprenorphine, for postoperative analgesic effects, when administered preoperatively for elective arthrotomy in dogs. Fifty two dogs were anaesthetized for stifle, elbow, or hock arthrotomy. The dogs were premedicated 30 min prior to induction of anaesthesia with 0.03 mg/kg acepromazine intramuscularly, and either 0.3 mg/kg morphine or 0.01 mg/kg buprenorphine intramuscularly (allocated randomly). Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture. Pain and sedation were assessed preoperatively, and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 h after the halothane was switched off, with a visual analogue scale scoring system. Pain scores did not differ significantly (morphine group median postoperative score from 30 to 40 mm, buprenophine group median postoperative score from 36 to 43 mm) and analgesia was considered adequate in the majority of cases (score less than 40 mm). Morphine produced significantly more sedation at 0.5 h after anaesthesia only. It was concluded that both opioids are equally suitable analgesics for postoperative analgesia for the elective arthrotomy in dogs.  相似文献   

2.
The purpose of this study was to determine the experimental side effects of liposome-encapsulated hydromorphone (LE-Hydro) in beagles and to evaluate LE-Hydro analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomies (OVH). Beagles were injected subcutaneously with 1-3 mg/kg LE-Hydro or 0.1 mg/kg hydromorphone. Dogs were evaluated for sedation, temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. OVH dogs were injected with 2 mg/kg LE-Hydro subcutaneously or 0.2 mg/kg morphine and 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine intramuscularly. Side effects of LE-Hydro were within clinically acceptable limits. The analgesic efficacy was superior in dogs administered LE-Hydro at 12 hr postsurgically. LE-Hydro provided adequate, durable analgesia in dogs undergoing OVH.  相似文献   

3.
The analgesic and behavioral effects of butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), levorphanol (0.033 mg/kg), morphine (0.66 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), given IM were observed in 8 ponies. These ponies were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. Effects on the cardiopulmonary system and rectal temperature also were evaluated in 6 of these ponies. Observations were conducted before drug injection (base-line values) and after injection at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Xylazine provided the highest pain threshold for the first 60 minutes and a sedative effect for 105 minutes. The effects for superficial pain and visceral pain persisted 3 hours and 4 hours, respectively. Morphine produced good analgesia for superficial pain (30 minutes), whereas butorphanol provided good effect for visceral pain (4 hours). A slight degree of analgesia for visceral pain was obtained after morphine (1 hour) and levorphanol (4 hours); flunixin did not induce analgesia. Butorphanol, levorphanol, and morphine stimulated motor activity. Behavioral effects did not occur after flunixin was given. Xylazine decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Marked increases in these pressures, heart rate, and respiratory rate were observed after morphine was given. Changes of central venous pressure, rectal temperature, and blood gas values remained within base-line limits after both drugs were given. Butorphanol increased heart rates for 1 hour; flunixin and levorphanol did not alter any of the above values.  相似文献   

4.
We prospectively studied 18 dogs that presented for exploratory stifle arthrotomy, with or without meniscectomy, and lateral extracapsular stabilization as a result of cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Dogs were premedicated with acepromazine, induced with thiopental, and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Preoperatively, dogs were assigned to one of three groups. Group 1 (n = 6) received intra-articular morphine (0.1 mg/kg diluted in 1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline) and epidural saline (1 mL/5 kg body weight saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine). Group 2 (n = 6) received intra-articular saline (1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine) and epidural saline (1 mL/5 kg body weight saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine). Group 3 (n = 6) received intra-articular saline (1 mL/10 kg body weight of saline plus the volume of saline representing 0.1 mg/kg of morphine) and epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg of morphine diluted in 1 mL/5 kg body weight saline). The efficacy of each analgesia regimen was evaluated for 6 hours postoperatively with a pain score based on subjective and objective variables. Serum Cortisol and blood glucose concentrations were measured. Butorphanol was used to provide analgesia as needed based on a predetermined maximum pain score. Supplemental analgesics were required postoperatively every 2 to 3 hours for 6 hours in all dogs that did not initially receive analgesics (group 2). Pain scores were significantly lower in dogs administered morphine intra-articularly (group 1) and epidurally (group 3) at 30 minutes and 30, 120, and 360 minutes, respectively, compared with dogs that did not initially receive analgesics (group 2). One dog in group 1 and one dog in group 3 required supplemental analgesia with butorphanol. There was no difference between analgesia produced by intra-articular morphine compared with that of epidural morphine. Side effects after intra-articular or epidural morphine were not observed. Intra-articular administration of morphine can produce effective analgesia in dogs comparable with that produced by epidural administration of morphine.  相似文献   

5.
Ketorolac tromethamine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic, was compared with flunixin and butorphanol for its analgesic efficacy and potential side effects after laparotomy or shoulder arthrotomy in dogs. Sixty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW) (n = 21), flunixin 1.0 mg/kg BW (n = 21), or ketorolac 0.5 mg/kg BW (n = 22), in a double blind fashion. The analgesic efficacy was rated from 1 to 4 (1 = inadequate, 4 = excellent) for each dog. The average scores after laparotomy were ketorolac, 3.4; flunixin, 2.7; and butorphanol, 1.6. After shoulder arthrotomy, the average scores were ketorolac, 3.5; flunixin, 3.0; and butorphanol, 1.4 (5/11 dogs). As butorphanol was unable to control pain after shoulder arthrotomy, oxymorphone, 0.05 mg/kg BW, replaced butorphanol in a subsequent group of dogs and had a score of 2.0 (6/11 dogs). Serum alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were significantly elevated above baseline at 24 hours postoperatively in dogs receiving flunixin. One dog in each group developed melena or hematochezia. One dog receiving ketorolac had histological evidence of gastric ulceration. We concluded that ketorolac is a good analgesic for postoperative pain in dogs.  相似文献   

6.
Medetomidine as a premedicant in dogs and its reversal by atipamezole   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Medetomidine (10, 20, 40 μg/kg) was used as a premedicant before thiopentone, halothane and nitrous oxide anaesthesia in 60 dogs undergoing a variety of elective surgical and diagnostic procedures at the University of Liverpool Small Animal Hospital. The efficacy of the sedation produced by the three dose groups was evaluated using a sedation scoring system which is presented. Induction of anaesthesia was accomplished using 1–25 per cent thiopentone sodium administered slowly to effect. The mean dose of thiopentone required for intubation following 10 μ-g/kg medetomidine (group 1) was 6–9 mg/kg (SD ± 2–3 mg/kg), following 20 μ-g/kg medetomidine (group 2) was 4–5 mg/kg (SD ± 1–6 mg/kg) and following 40 μg/kg (group 3) was 2–4 mg/kg (SD ± 2–5 mg/kg). Induction of anaesthesia was generally smooth and significant apnoea (greater than 45 seconds) was not noted. Anaesthesia was maintained in all cases using halothane vapourised in a one part oxygen to two parts nitrous oxide mixture, delivered to the patient via a suitable non-breathing circuit (Magill, Bain or T Piece). At the conclusion of the procedure, atipamezole (50, 100, 200 μg/kg) was administered intramuscularly to half of the dogs in each group (10 dogs). Dogs receiving atipamezole recovered rapidly and smoothly to sternal recumbency, group 1 taking 8-5 minutes (SD ± 2–7 minutes), group 2 taking 11-8 minutes (SD ± 3–6 minutes), and group 3 taking 12-6 minutes (sd ± 4–5 minutes). When atipamezole was not administered a dose dependent increase in recumbency time occurred.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of a novel, long-acting sufentanil preparation in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE). STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, positively controlled, randomized field trial with four parallel treatment groups. ANIMALS: Eighty client owned dogs undergoing elective OHE randomly allocated into four treatment groups (each n = 20). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups received intramuscular (IM) sufentanil (at 10, 15 and 25 microg kg(-1), respectively) and the control group received subcutaneous (SC) carprofen 4 mg kg(-1) SC plus acepromazine 0.05 mg kg(-1) IM as pre-anaesthetic medication. OHE was performed under thiopental/halothane anaesthesia. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores for pain and sedation were awarded and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured at the wound and hock before surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Serum cortisol was measured before surgery, during surgery and up to 24 hours after tracheal extubation. Animals with inadequate post-operative analgesia were given rescue medication. RESULTS: In the carprofen group, VAS pain scores were significantly higher, wound tenderness was greater and requirement for rescue analgesia was more than in the sufentanil-treated groups. Sufentanil produced dose dependent analgesia and sedation. All treatment groups showed similar patterns of change for cortisol concentrations. Use of the sufentanil preparation was associated with a relatively high incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The long-acting preparation of sufentanil provided excellent post-operative analgesia that was significantly better than that provided by carprofen. However, use of this formulation, in the anaesthetic technique used in the study, resulted in a relatively high incidence of adverse effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Full mu (MOP) opioid agonists provide significantly better post-operative analgesia than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after moderately painful surgery. However, the widely recognized adverse effects of opioids may preclude the use of these agents.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of medetomidine on anesthetic dose requirements, cardiorespiratory variables, plasma cortisol concentrations, and behavioral pain scores in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective study. ANIMALS: 12 healthy Walker-type hound dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs received medetomidine (40 micrograms/kg [18.2 micrograms/lb] of body weight, i.m.; n = 6) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 ml, i.m.; 6) prior to anesthesia induction with thiopental; thiopental dose needed for endotracheal intubation was compared between groups. Ovariohysterectomy was performed during halothane anesthesia. Blood samples were obtained at various times before drug administration until 300 minutes after extubation. Various physiologic measurements and end-tidal halothane concentrations were recorded. RESULTS: In medetomidine-treated dogs, heart rate was significantly lower than in controls, and blood pressure did not change significantly from baseline. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase significantly until 60 minutes after extubation in medetomidine-treated dogs, whereas values in control dogs were increased from time of surgery until the end of the recording period. Control dogs had higher pain scores than treated dogs from extubation until the end of the recording period. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of medetomidine reduced dose requirements for thiopental and halothane and provided postoperative analgesia up to 90 minutes after extubation. Dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy by use of thiopental induction and halothane anesthesia benefit from analgesia induced by medetomidine administered prior to anesthesia induction. Additional analgesia is appropriate 60 minutes after extubation.  相似文献   

10.
Twenty-eight dogs were randomly allocated into two groups. They were premedicated with either 10 or 20 microg/kg buprenorphine and 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine administered intramuscularly, and then anaesthetised with intravenous thiopentone to effect and maintained with isoflurane in 100 per cent oxygen. The dogs underwent routine castration, and a second dose of 10 microg/kg buprenorphine was administered four hours after the first or 20 microg/kg six hours after the first dose. Levels of pain and sedation were scored on a visual analogue scale and in terms of the dogs' requirement for rescue analgesia, and mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured at the hock and wound at premedication and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, 10 and 21 to 22 hours later. Pain scores were low in both groups, with a trend for lower scores in the high dose group; administration of the second dose of buprenorphine further decreased the pain scores. Buprenorphine produced good preoperative sedation and the level of sedation decreased over time after surgery. Administration of the second high dose of buprenorphine did not increase the level of sedation. Both doses of buprenorphine prevented hyperalgesia at the wound and hock postoperatively. Three dogs given the low dose and one dog given the high dose required rescue analgesia with carprofen.  相似文献   

11.
Uremia unexpectedly developed in five dogs 24 hours after undergoing thoracotomy in a student laboratory. In all dogs general anesthesia had been maintained with methoxyflurane, muscle relaxation had been induced with gallamine, and each dog received a single intravenous dose of 1.0 mg/kg flunixin meglumine for analgesia upon termination of anesthesia. In a subsequent group of dogs undergoing an orthopedic procedure, we assessed the effects on renal function of methoxyflurane anesthesia plus oxymorphone, or of methoxyflurane or halothane anesthesia in combination with a single IM 1.0 mg/kg dose of flunixin meglumine. Significant elevations in serum urea and creatinine values, and necrosis of collecting ducts and loops of Henle, were noted only in the dogs receiving methoxyflurane and flunixin meglumine.

We conclude that the use of combination of methoxyflurane and flunixin meglumine is contraindicated in dogs.

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12.
Medetomidine 10 μg/kg, was combined with butorphanol 0.1 mg/kg and administered intramuscularly to 27 dogs requiring sedation for various diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. All the dogs became deeply sedated. Heart rate fell by a mean of 55 per cent. Eighteen dogs showed signs of pain as the combination was injected. Sedation was sufficient for the intended procedure to be carried out in 25 of the dogs. General anaesthesia was induced in four dogs — the mean dose of thiopentone required for induction of anaesthesia was 2 mg/kg. Administration of atipamezole at the end of the procedure produced rapid and sudden recoveries in all the dogs, with a mean time to standing of nine minutes.  相似文献   

13.
Oxymorphone was administered epidurally (0.1 mg/kg) or intramuscularly (IM) (0.2 mg/kg) to 16 dogs undergoing thoracotomy, to compare the analgesic effectiveness. Heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pain score were measured hourly. Arterial blood gases were measured at hour 1. A single dose of oxymorphone injected epidurally provided analgesia for up to 10 hours, whereas the IM route provided a comparable effect for less than 2 hours. There were statistically significant increases in heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures at hour 2 in the dogs treated IM over the dogs treated epidurally. We conclude that epidurally administered oxymorphone is highly effective in alleviating pain after thoracotomy in dogs and provides longer lasting analgesia than the IM route.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic and adverse effects of epidurally administered levogyral (S[+]) ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: 30 dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. Dogs in group 1 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg), dogs in group 2 received S(+) ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg/kg), and dogs in group 3 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.025 mg/kg). The skin was incised 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gases were obtained before anesthesia, 15 minutes after epidural administration of analgesics, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation of surgery, and at the end of surgery. During the intraoperative period, an increase of > or =20% in baseline values for HR, RR, and SBP was considered a sign of intraoperative pain. Signs of pain and adverse effects were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in intraoperative or postoperative measurements among the 3 groups. No dogs had intraoperative signs of pain. Mean postoperative pain assessment scores were <3.5 in all 3 groups. Salivation was the most frequent adverse effect in dogs in groups 1 and 3, and sedation occurred more frequently in dogs in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: All 3 analgesic regimens provided good respiratory and cardiovascular stability intraoperatively and adequate postoperative analgesia with minimal adverse effects.  相似文献   

15.
The plasma concentration of pethidine was measured after it had been administered intramuscularly to fully conscious dogs, and to dogs in the postoperative period and during general anaesthesia. The absorption of the drug was erratic except in the anaesthetised animals and the plasma concentrations of the drug were also higher in this group. Correlation of plasma concentrations of the drug with its analgesic activity revealed a 'critical' concentration of pethidine of 0.4 micrograms/ml for complete analgesia; useful though not complete analgesia was achieved with concentrations above 0.2 micrograms/ml. These concentrations were maintained for 90 minutes after the administration of the drug at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg and for 120 minutes after a dose of 3.5 mg/kg.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to titrate the optimal dose of carprofen for single dose usage, for alleviating postoperative pain, under a double-blind and randomised protocol, using both negative and positive controls. Renal tolerance was assessed by screening plasma urea and creatinine. Pre- and postoperative assessment of pain and sedation was made using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scoring system in 60 cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The cats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: (1) carprofen at 1-0 mg/kg subcutaneously (sc); (2) carprofen at 2-0 mg/kg sc; (3) carprofen at 4-0 mg/kg sc; (4) pethidine at 5-0 mg/kg intramuscularly (im), (5) pethidine at 10-0 mg/kg im; and (6) no analgesics (injection of saline). All injections were given postoperatively on tracheal extuba-tion and administered in a double-blind manner. Assessments were made up to 20 hours post extubation. Prior to induction and at 20 hours post extubation, blood samples were taken for laboratory analysis of the urea and creatinine content to check for any adverse effect on renal function. Cats given pethidine did not appear more sedated than the groups receiving carprofen or saline. Cats receiving carprofen were in less pain postoperatively overall, with 4-0 mg/kg being the most effective dose rate (significantly better than the other doses of carprofen at four and eight hours post extubation). The highest dose of pethidine provided significantly better analgesia than the highest dose of carprofen up to two hours post extubation, but from two to 20 hours post extubation carprofen at 4-0 mg/kg provided significantly better analgesia than the pethidine. None of the analgesic regimens appeared to affect renal function adversely, as measured by urea and creatinine levels.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of epidural bupivacaine (BUP) and oxymorphone/bupivacaine (O/B) and intravenous (i.v.) oxymorphone (IVO) on halothane requirements during hind end surgery and postoperative analgesia in 24 dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment groups: O/B--oxymorphone (0.1 mg/kg) in 0.75% bupivacaine (1 mg/kg for a total volume of 0.2 ml/kg); BUP--0.5% bupivacaine (1 mg/kg for a total volume of 0.2 ml/kg) with i.v. oxymorphone (0.05 mg/kg) postoperatively; and IVO--oxymorphone (0.05 mg/kg) pre- and postoperatively. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide and halothane, and arterial blood gases were recorded prior to treatment and every 15 minutes thereafter. Once surgery had begun, end-tidal halothane concentrations were decreased as low as possible while still maintaining a stable anesthetic plane. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with P < 0.05 considered significant. End-tidal halothane requirements did not differ significantly among treatments. Respiratory depression was increased and HR was decreased in the O/B and IVO groups. Postoperative analgesic requirements were significantly less in dogs receiving O/B.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2 and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone.  相似文献   

19.
A randomized, blinded, crossover study was designed to evaluate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and behavioral effects of butorphanol given postoperatively to oxymorphone-premedicated and surgically stimulated dogs. Nine healthy adult dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with atropine (0.04 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.10 mg/kg), and oxymorphone (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal (12 mg/kg) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. According to the protocol of a concurrent study, all dogs had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes placed during the first anesthetic episode and removed during the second anesthetic episode. All dogs received postoperatively either butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg) or an isovol-umetric dose of saline placebo, both given intravenously. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2). heart rate (HR), and indirect diastolic (DP), systolic (SP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures were measured at times 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 minutes after injection. The time from injection of the test drug until extubation was recorded. RR, MV, HR, and DP were significantly ( P < .05) increased, while ETco2 was significantly decreased, for a minimum of 30 minutes in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. TV, SP, and MAP were transiently (≤15 minutes) increased in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. There was no significant difference between the times to extubation in the butorphanol-treated dogs versus the saline control dogs.  相似文献   

20.
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