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1.
农业生产系统存在秸秆养分释放与作物生长需求匹配程度低等问题,拟通过腐熟剂用量调节还田小麦秸秆腐解及养分释放率,使之与作物生长需求相吻合,进而提升夏玉米产量。以人元腐熟剂为供试腐熟剂,小麦秸秆为供试秸秆,郑单958 为供试玉米品种。采用完全随机区组试验设计,设置4 种腐熟剂施用量:30 kg/hm2(T1)、45 kg/hm2(T2)、60 kg/hm2(T3)、75 kg/hm2(T4),以不施腐熟剂为对照(CK)。测定秸秆腐解率、养分释放率、夏玉米关键生育期的株高、茎粗、生物量和作物产量,通过回归分析探究秸秆养分阶段性释放如何调控夏玉米生长及籽粒产量形成。腐熟剂用量为45 kg/hm2 时,秸秆最终腐解率可达69.28%。腐熟剂用量对不同养分释放的调控效果不同,其中,氮和有机碳的释放率呈线性变化,磷和钾的释放率呈阶段性变化。腐熟剂施用对抽雄期(VT)各养分释放率均有显著的促进效应。三叶期(V3)较CK 而言,T2 和T4 处理氮、磷释放率增幅分别达到203.67%、187.05% 和17.72%、45.24%; 抽雄期,T3 处理秸秆钾、有机碳释放率较CK 分别增加5.33% 和22.42%; 生理成熟期(R6),T2 处理的氮、磷、钾释放率分别较CK 增加了2.55%、17.87%、3.78%,T1 处理的有机碳释放率较CK、T3 处理分别增加3.64% 和4.61%。此外,腐熟剂施用后,夏玉米株高和茎粗均显著增加。成熟期,T2 处理单株生物量可达320.0 g,较CK 增幅17.19%。最终,T2 处理玉米产量显著提升,达11.6 t/hm2。腐熟剂施用显著影响麦秆腐解率,施用45 ～ 60 kg/hm2 腐熟剂后夏玉米花前小麦秸秆的养分释放率显著提升,在夏玉米生长关键期提供更多养分,最终显著提升了夏玉米籽粒产量。 相似文献
2.
不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律 总被引：33，自引：3，他引：30
以水稻、小麦、玉米秸秆和油菜、蚕豆青秆为研究对象,采用尼龙网袋法,研究了不同秸秆翻埋入旱地和水田后的腐解特性及养分释放规律,以期为紫色丘陵区农业秸秆循环利用和秸秆还田技术提供理论依据。结果表明:秸秆翻埋还田后,5种供试秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期(0~60 d)快、后期(60~360 d)慢。经过360 d的腐解,旱地秸秆累积腐解率为52.88%~75.80%,表现为油菜水稻玉米小麦蚕豆趋势,且蚕豆青秆累积腐解率显著低于其余秸秆;水田中秸秆累积腐解率为45.01%~62.12%,表现为水稻玉米小麦油菜蚕豆趋势。5种秸秆在旱地和水田中养分释放率均表现为钾磷氮碳,在试验终点,旱地中秸秆碳、氮、磷和钾释放率分别为65.50%~87.37%、54.64%~69.72%、89.65%~98.96%和79.92%~96.63%,且油菜秸秆养分释放率高于其他4种秸秆;水田中秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾释放率变幅分别为49.95%~69.57%、32.89%~77.11%、90.70%~96.80%、77.45%~90.47%。总体表现为秸秆在旱地土壤中的累积腐解率和养分释放率均大于水田,旱地油菜和水稻秸秆较易腐解,水田水稻和玉米秸秆较易腐解释;秸秆中钾素释放速率较高。 相似文献
3.
三江平原地区不同有机物料腐解规律的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用网袋法模拟田间还田方式, 研究不同还田方式下玉米、大豆秸秆的腐解特征。结果表明: 经过150 d的分解, 玉米和大豆秸秆残留率在33.7%~61.1%之间, 秸秆还田分解趋势为: 土埋处理>露天处理, 土埋玉米秸秆>土埋大豆秸秆, 露天条件下大豆和玉米秸秆分解速率一致。从细胞结构上看, 玉米秸秆随着还田时间的延长, 基本组织和维管束遭到破坏, 细胞壁变薄, 细胞内物质消失, 细胞排列疏松; 大豆秸秆组织结构变化不明显。露天和土埋处理各有机物料有机碳分解率分别为39.9%~48.9%、49.6%~65.8%, 土埋玉米和大豆秸秆腐解速度明显高于露天处理。两个处理氮、钾分解率无太大差异, 分别为51.1%~67.7%、74.6%~91.7%, 而磷素变化比较明显, 露天和土埋处理玉米秸秆的磷释放率平均比大豆秸秆高49.4%、56.7%。作为还田物料玉米秸秆要好于大豆秸秆。 相似文献
4.
基于长期定位试验的松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆腐解特征研究 总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6
为了研究松嫩平原还田玉米秸秆的腐解特征和养分释放规律,该试验采用尼龙网袋法,设置埋土和覆盖地表2种玉米秸秆还田方式,进行连续4 a的定位观测。结果表明:1)还田玉米秸秆的腐解速率和养分释放率都表现为埋土处理大于覆盖地表。秸秆腐解主要集中在还田的前3年,3 a累计腐解率达到91.70%和81.96%,其中第1年腐解率分别为60.63%和45.53%。2)还田玉米秸秆中养分释放的快慢顺序为KPCN。埋土和覆盖处理秸秆中钾的释放主要在还田第1年,释放率达到了96.26%和84.04%;而磷、碳和氮的释放则主要集中在还田前3年,其中磷释放率为92.03%和83.29%;碳释放率为90.96%和82.06%;氮释放率为91.70%和81.96%。3)还田玉米秸秆中半纤维素的腐解速度快于纤维素,木质素最慢。其中埋土和覆盖处理秸秆半纤维素2 a腐解率为88.78%和86.30%;纤维素2 a腐解率为80.42%和70.86%;而木质素3 a累计腐解率为78.63%和66.48%。 相似文献
5.
试验以油菜秸秆和紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)为研究材料,通过盆栽模拟稻田条件,研究了油菜秸秆、紫云英绿肥及其不同比例混合处理腐解及养分释放动态。结果表明,腐解过程均呈现出前10~20 d分解较快,后期分解较慢并逐渐趋于平稳的规律。不同处理各养分的释放快慢不同,表现为钾磷氮碳,在翻压90d时钾的累积释放率为95.09%~97.17%,磷的累积释放率为62.65%~87.14%,氮的累积释放率为70%~76.48%,碳的累积释放率为39.53%~64.69%。翻压90 d后紫云英腐解率达到60.07%,油菜秸秆仅40.8%,混合紫云英后,混合处理的腐解程度加快,且腐解程度随紫云英量的增加而增加。 相似文献
6.
秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。 相似文献
7.
秸秆还田是耕地质量提升的重要措施,还田秸秆腐解能够为作物生长提供氮、磷、钾等养分。明确稻麦轮作制水稻和小麦秸秆还田后的腐解和养分释放特征,是制定秸秆还田下合理养分管理制度的理论基础。通过田间尼龙网袋法,研究了小麦秸秆在水稻季、水稻秸秆在小麦季的腐解和养分释放特征以及秸秆腐解剂的影响。结果表明,小麦和水稻秸秆快速腐解期、中速腐解期、缓慢腐解期分别为0～10、10～20、20～110和0～10、10～50、50～200 d。在秸秆腐解剂的作用下,秸秆腐解率达50%和95%的时间缩短约8和38 d。水稻生育期内小麦秸秆累积腐解率达57%,秸秆氮和磷表现为淋溶-富集-释放,释放量分别为29%～37%和36%～44%,碳和钾表现为直接释放,释放量分别为55%和92%。小麦生育期内水稻秸秆累积腐解率达到73%,秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾均表现为直接释放,释放量依次为75%、41%～51%、59%、98%。水稻季,小麦秸秆在缓慢腐解期会吸附-富集土壤溶液中的氮和磷,伴随着秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素逐渐腐解,富集的氮、磷会部分释放到土壤中;小麦季,秸秆腐解剂提高快速和缓慢腐解期氮和磷的释放量和释放速率,氮素和磷素释放量分别提高10.0%和4.7%。热重分析表明,秸秆腐解剂主要加速了小麦和水稻秸秆半纤维素和纤维素的腐解。综上所述,秸秆腐解剂可以在一定程度上提高秸秆腐解和养分释放速率,同时也应注意还田秸秆在水稻孕穗期对土壤溶液中氮、磷的吸附-富集过程,在实际生产中宜在该时期适当补充氮、磷肥,以避免秸秆与作物争养分而导致减产。 相似文献
8.
不同还田方式对玉米秸秆腐解及土壤养分含量的影响 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
通过土壤耕作和秸秆还田试验,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,探讨东北棕壤土区适宜的秸秆还田方式,为秸秆资源的高效利用提供理论依据。在辽宁沈阳设置连续两年（2014-2015年）的田间定位试验,采用尼龙网袋法研究免耕覆盖（NTS）、旋耕还田（RTS）和翻耕还田（PTS）3种秸秆还田方式下秸秆腐解率和碳氮磷钾养分释放率,分析秸秆还田方式对耕层土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,RTS和PTS秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快、后期慢,秸秆养分释放率均表现为钾 > 磷 > 碳 > 氮。NTS、RTS和PTS处理秸秆两年平均腐解率分别为38.8%、78.0%、65.9%,两年平均碳释放率分别为56.5%、78.8%、69.4%,氮释放率为16.7%、53.5%、38.8%,磷释放率为81.3%、92.5%、89.8%,钾释放率为92.0%、99.4%、98.9%。NTS处理秸秆腐解率及碳氮释放率与还田时间符合逻辑斯蒂曲线方程,RTS和PTS处理秸秆腐解率、碳氮释放率及3种还田方式秸秆磷钾释放率随还田时间变化符合米氏方程。秸秆还田有助于提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,RTS处理土壤全磷含量显著高于PTS处理（P<0.05）,与NTS处理全磷含量差异不显著,3种还田方式土壤全钾含量差异不显著。综合分析秸秆腐解和耕层土壤培肥效果,东北棕壤土区建议玉米秸秆还田方式为旋耕秸秆还田。 相似文献
9.
氮素形态对油菜秸秆腐解及养分释放规律的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
采用尼龙网袋研究法,研究了不同形态氮素对油菜秸秆腐解及养分释放规律的影响,以期为农业秸秆循环利用和改善秸秆还田效果提供理论依据。试验设置4个处理：不添加氮素（CK）、添加尿素（PU）、添加尿素硝酸铵（UAN）和添加石灰氮（CaCN2）,周期120 d。结果表明,油菜秸秆腐解表现为前期快（0~30 d）、后期慢（30~120 d）的特征。120 d时,油菜秸秆累积腐解率为46.08%~52.34%,碳、氮、磷和钾的释放率分别为44.25%~51.52%、51.19%~54.87%、52.82%~58.45%和96.61%~97.46%。添加氮素可以显著促进油菜秸秆腐解。120 d时,添加氮素处理较CK处理油菜秸秆的累积腐解率提高10.80%~13.59%。不同形态氮素对秸秆的腐解特征和碳氮磷钾释放速率的效应不同。其中,PU处理秸秆腐解过程分两个阶段,快速腐解（0~30 d）和缓慢腐解（30~120 d）;30 d时油菜秸秆的腐解率达40.39%,30 d后腐解速率逐渐趋于稳定,120 d时腐解率达51.06%。UAN处理腐解过程分3个阶段,快速腐解（0~30 d）、腐解减缓（30~60 d）和缓慢腐解（30~120 d）;30 d时腐解率达40.67%,30~60 d腐解率上升7.54%,120 d时腐解率为51.63%。CaCN2处理的秸秆腐解过程分两个阶段,快速腐解（0~30 d）和缓慢腐解（30~120 d）;其促进腐解作用主要表现在60 d后,60 d时油菜秸秆腐解率达44.37%,120 d时腐解率为52.34%。与不施氮处理相比,120 d时UAN处理秸秆累积腐解率提高12.04%,碳、氮和磷累积释放率分别提高9.33%、7.19%和6.97%。各处理对秸秆钾的释放率影响不显著。综合来看,以UAN促进油菜秸秆腐解的效果较为显著。 相似文献
10.
不同施氮量下潮土中小麦秸秆腐解特性及其养分释放和结构变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
15.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献
19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献