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The genetic resources available for the improvement of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are reviewed along with progress in their utilisation. The conclusions are as follows. The wild and cultivated species of potato have been utilised in potato breeding to good effect, but only a very small sample of the available biodiversity has been exploited. New knowledge and technology will open possibilities for much greater use of these genetic resources in breeding. The strategy for utilising the cultivars native to Latin America will either be the introgression of desirable genes or the direct use of parents from improved populations, depending on how far modern S. tuberosum cultivars have genetically diverged from them and the extent to which S. tuberosum cultivars have been improved in the process. Molecular marker-assisted selection will be used for faster introgression of desirable genes from wild species, and the possibility exists of moving genes directly from wild species to cultivated potato with transgenic methods. New cultivars will continue to come from crosses between pairs of parents with complementary features but adapted to local growing conditions. However, increasingly these parents will possess desirable genes which have been introgressed from wild species and may also be from complementary groups of cultivated germplasm to exploit hybrid vigour. Successful cultivars may be genetically modified, if consumers see benefits in the use of the technology, to introduce genes not present in cultivated potatoes and their wild relatives to achieve novel biochemistry and further desirable improvements. 相似文献
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为了探讨盐和干旱环境胁迫对转盐生草液泡膜型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因HgNHX1大麦幼苗生长及抗逆性生理指标的影响,以转HgNHX1基因大麦及野生型株系为材料,分析盐(150 mmol· L-1 NaCl)和自然干旱环境下转基因大麦幼苗的生长特性及生理指标的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,随着胁迫时间的延长,转基因株系中HgNHX1 基因相对表达量逐渐上升;干旱胁迫条件下,转基因株系中HgNHX1 基因相对表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,在处理3 d时达到最高。且在胁迫处理的三个不同时间点,转基因株系的相对含水量和游离脯胺酸含量均高于野生型株系,而相对电导率和丙二醛含量均低于野生型株系。这些结果说明,转基因株系中HgNHX1基因能够应答盐和干旱胁迫,具有提高大麦耐盐、抗旱性的功能。 相似文献
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利用拟南芥基因芯片检测ZmPto/ZmPti1共表达转基因拟南芥的基因表达情况,了解Pto/Pti1信号途径的下游组分,对Pto/Ptil的作用机制做进一步探讨.结果表明,与野生型株系比较上调表达两倍的基因有84条,与野生型株系比较下调表达两倍的基因有95条.在上调表达的基因中有9条与非生物逆境有关,其中有SOS系统中的SOS3、DREBIA、WRKY15等;有3条与生物逆境有关,分别为AT4G36010、AT5G01870、AT5G64120;与生长发育有关的有12条;与脂类吸收、转运、代谢相关的基因6条;转录因子9条.在下调表达的基因中与非生物逆境有关的基因有4条;与生物逆境有关的基因2条;发育调控的基因8条;转录因子2条.无论上调还是下调表达的基因中,都有很多未知功能的基因.ZmPto/ZmPti1同时过表达显著影响植物对非生物逆境的响应、生长发育等过程,同时对脂类的吸收、转运、代谢等过程也有显著影响. 相似文献
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为了提高小麦的抗旱能力,通过转基因将拟南芥 RD29A:DREB1A转入到小麦品种陇春30中,成功获得三个单拷贝本底DREB1A蛋白低表达水平的纯合转基因家系,并在干旱胁迫下测定了其生理指标及产量相关农艺性状。结果表明,与陇春30相比,转基因小麦的脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量以及SOD、CAT和POD活性都显著提高,H2O2含量、MDA含量和相对导电率均显著降低,株高、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重、地上生物量显著增加,说明 RD29A:DREB1A外源基因的导入能够显著增强陇春30的抗旱性。 相似文献
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Summary The cultivated potatoSolanum tuberosum cvs Alpha and Russet Burbank and the wild speciesS. kurzianum were compared with respect to salt tolerance. Plants of the wild species were found to be more salt tolerant than those of
the cultivated species since their growth was less impaired by the salinity, although they accumulated more sodium and less
potassium ions in the shoot. Unlike the whole plant, callus derived from the wild plants was not more tolerant than that from
the cultivated species. Differences in the responses to salinity between cultivated and wild plants, and between the whole
plants and calli derived from them are discussed. Based on these differences and the similarity of the physiological responses
to salt stress betweenS. kurzianum and the wild salt-tolerant relatives of tomato, the former is suggested as a potential source of genes for increasing the
salt tolerance of potato. 相似文献
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以转来自耐盐植物异苞滨藜的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)玉米T8代株系BZ-136及受体对照自交系郑58(耐盐)为试材,采用盆栽种植方法,分析转基因植株中外源基因的表达情况,检测耐盐相关生理指标。结果表明,转基因株系BZ-136中的BADH酶活性及甜菜碱含量显著高于受体对照,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,其表达量先增加后减少,在胁迫7 d时分别达到了最大值。转基因株系幼苗株高和干重从盐胁迫第3天开始显著高于对照,鲜重和含水量在胁迫第5天和第7天时转基因株系显著高于对照;转基因株系根总体积显著高于对照,直径和根尖数在胁迫第5天时显著高于对照;转基因株系电导率和丙二醛含量均低于对照,分别在胁迫第3天和第7天开始达显著差异,叶绿素含量高于受体对照,从第3天开始二者差异达显著水平。由于外源BADH基因的表达显著提高了基因株系的耐盐性。 相似文献
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Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-conjugating enzymes are involved in post-translational regulatory processes in eukaryotes, including the conjugation of SUMO peptides to protein substrate (SUMOylation). SUMOylation plays an important role in improving plant tolerance to abiotic stress such as salt, drought, heat and cold. Herein, we reported the isolation of OsSCE1 (LOC_Os10g39120) gene encoding a SUMO-conjugating enzyme from rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) and its functional validation in response to drought stress. The E2 enzyme, OsSCE1, is one of three key enzymes involved in the conjugation of SUMO to its target proteins. Activated SUMO is transferred to the cysteine of an E2 enzyme and then to the target lysine residue of the substrate, with or without the help of an E3 SUMO ligase. Expression of OsSCE1 was strongly induced by polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) treatment, which suggested OsSCE1 may be involved in the drought stress response. Overexpression of OsSCE1 (OsSCE1-OX) in Nipponbare reduced the tolerance to drought stress. Conversely, the drought tolerance was slightly improved by the knockdown of OsSCE1 (OsSCE1-KD). These results were further supported by measurement of proline content in OsSCE1-OX and OsSCE1-KD transgenic lines under induced drought stress, which showed OsSCE1-KD transgenic lines accumulated higher proline content than the wild type, whereas OsSCE1-OX line had lower proline content than the wild type. These findings suggested OsSCE1 may play a role as a negative regulator in response to drought stress in rice. 相似文献
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Summary The narrow genetic base of the cultivated potato is a severe constraint for potato breeding. Wild tuber-bearing species constitute
an important source of genes for resistance to diseases and pests as well as abiotic factors. Seven interspecific hybrid populations
were generated from crosses between diploidTuberosum clones and four wild species:Solanum berthaultii, S. gourlayi, S. tarijense andS. vernei, and evaluated in a field experiment in Burgos (Spain) as a way to broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato. Good
tuberization ability and great variability for yield within the different families were detected. Hybridization with the wild
species resulted in high levels of PVY resistance inS. berthaultii andS. vernei hybrids and a large increase of dry matter content in all populations except theS. berthaultii hybrids. 相似文献
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膨胀素是一类具有非酶活性的细胞壁松弛蛋白,广泛参与植物生长的各个阶段,其表达受非生物胁迫如低温等调控。为了探究寒地冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)膨胀素基因 TaEXPA7-A/B/D的功能,本研究将 TaEXPA7-A/B/D三个基因分别转入拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中,利用抗性筛选和PCR鉴定,分别获得了过表达 TaEXPA7-A/B/D三个基因的转基因拟南芥植株,分别观察并测定了 TaEXPA7-A/B/D三个基因对转基因拟南芥生长和低温胁迫下生理指标的影响。结果表明,转基因拟南芥的根长、侧根数目、株高、开花后2周内的花序和角果数目均显著高于野生型;4℃低温处理后,转基因植株中抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT的活性及可溶性糖的含量相比于野生型均维持在较高的水平,且MDA的积累量较低。以上结果表明, TaEXPA7-A/B/D三个基因的过表达显著促进了转基因拟南芥的生长,并使植株在低温条件下维持更好的抗氧化和渗透调节能力。 相似文献
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Kazuyoshi Hosaka Hiroshi Matsunaga Keiichi Senda 《American Journal of Potato Research》2000,77(1):41-45
One hundred accessions of 18 wild diploid potato species were screened for resistance to scab through three cycles of selection, from which a total of 322 clones were selected as resistant. The putative ancestral species of the cultivated potatoes (Solanum bukasovii, S. canasense andS. multidissectum) produced resistant clones with significantly higher rates. Thus, these are primary gene sources for conferring scab resistance to cultivated potatoes. 相似文献
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AtGA2ox1基因是调控赤霉素代谢的关键基因。以3个AtGA2ox1基因转化体回交转育玉米自交系和配制的杂交组合为研究材料,系统开展玉米自交系和杂交种的耐旱性分析。结果表明,3个转化体在回交转育过程中,多世代间遗传稳定。苗期不同转化体玉米在干旱胁迫24 d后复水仍能正常生长;对照材料胁迫后叶片卷曲至萎蔫,复水后无法恢复生长。通过对丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶等生理生化指标的跟踪监测发现,干旱胁迫条件下转基因玉米的MDA含量低于对照约20%;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性高于对照20%,降低玉米细胞膜氧化损伤来增强转基因玉米耐旱胁迫能力,与玉米耐旱表型一致。成熟期干旱条件下,对照玉米果穗变小,穗长变短,穗重减轻。转基因杂交种的粒重和百粒重显著高于对照,其中杂交种NKYGA09*X923-1百粒重高于对照杂交种21.21%,表现出潜在的育种价值。 相似文献
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玉米耐盐基因ZmHKT1;5在烟草中的功能验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
HKT类基因是与植物耐盐性密切相关的一类基因。在作物中HKT蛋白可通过排出Na+来维持植物体内的Na~+/K~+平衡,从而影响植物耐盐性。通过在烟草中过表达玉米ZmHKT1;5基因,验证该基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。结果表明,过表达ZmHKT1;5基因的T0代材料即显示出叶片耐盐能力的明显提高;T2代转基因株系种子在含盐培养基上的发芽能力明显强于野生型材料,T2代转基因株系幼苗阶段的耐盐能力也得到了明显的提高。通过比较在盐胁迫后2月龄的转基因材料和野生型材料的生理指标,发现野生型材料中MDA和H_2O_2的含量相较转基因材料发生了更为明显的上升,说明转基因材料中过表达ZmHKT1;5基因有效降低了盐胁迫引起的过氧化物积累。综合转基因验证的结果,证明ZmHKT1;5基因具有提高植物耐盐性的作用。 相似文献
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Q. Chen L. M. Kawchuk D. R. Lynch M. S. Goettel D. K. Fujimoto 《American Journal of Potato Research》2003,80(1):9-19
Wild potatoes are important sources of genes for resistance to disease and insect pests. A collection of wild Mexican and South AmericanSolarium species from the US potato Genebank was evaluated under laboratory and/or field conditions for their reaction to late blight (Phytophthora infestans), Colorado potato beetle (CPB,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), and blackleg (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (van Hall) Dye) in order to identify individual genotypes with multiple resistance genes. Late blight inoculations using aggressive isolates (US-8/A2 and US-11/A1 mating types) of P.infestans revealed a wide range of variation for resistance between and within the accessions of the wild species tested. For late blight, susceptible as well as moderately to highly resistant genotypes were observed in all the species tested. However, at least one accession from the three Mexican and one South American wild diploid species tested showed a relatively uniform high level of resistance toP. infestans. These includedS. bulbocastanum, S. pinnatisectum, S. cardiophyllum, andS. circaeifolium. Two accessions from South American speciesS. commersonii were highly susceptible to late blight. For the Colorado potato beetle test, only one species,S. pinnatisectum appeared uniformly resistant to CPB under field conditions. Results of screening for blackleg resistance showed that there were major differences between genotypes in the wild species. Accessions ofS. circaeifolium PI 498119 andS. bulbocastanum PI 243504 were identified as having significantly higher blackleg resistance than cultivated potato and the other wild species tested. However, genotypes from these two accessions were more susceptible to late blight and CPB. Characterization of theP. infestans isolate P1801C.16 used for late blight evaluation and multi-locus isolate tests using US-8/A2 and US-11/A1 races revealed that the resistance inS. pinnatisectum genotypes tested corresponded to a race-non-specific genetic system, which was different from any existing R genes.Solanum pin-natisectum genotypes with both high levels of late blight and CPB resistance as well as blackleg resistance genotypes identified in the present study represent a diverse gene pool that may be useful for development of new potato cultivars with multiple disease and insect resistance. The potential utilization of these valuable sources for improvement of cultivated potato is discussed. 相似文献