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1.
饲料的糊化作为一种功能特性广泛存在于饲料的热加工中,水分、温度和时间是影响饲料糊化的重要工艺参数。为探究饲料在水热处理过程中的糊化动力学参数及饲料颗粒结构的内在变化,该研究基于均匀板加热法,将25%和30%水分的育肥猪配合饲料,分别在75、80、85、90和95℃温度下,进行0.5、1、3、5、7和10min加热时间的热处理,分析热处理后饲料样品的糊化程度、糊化动力学参数、结晶特性、双折射特性和微观形貌等理化性质。结果显示,水分是饲料糊化的第一限制性因素,25%和30%水分饲料的最大糊化度分别为0.320 6±0.016 2和0.668 8±0.015 0,饲料的糊化过程遵循非线性一级动力学模型,且在热处理时长达到3 min左右时,糊化度趋向糊化终端的渐进值;由Arrhenius公式回归得到的25%和30%水分饲料糊化活化能分别为11 356.58和52 705.59 J/mol,是限制水分条件下的"不完全糊化活化能"。具有不同双折射消失程度的颗粒共存于同一热处理样品体系中,淀粉颗粒双折射性的消失从颗粒中心开始,热处理样品微观结构的变化主要表现为颗粒中心无定形区的优先破坏,中心结构的破坏导致颗粒表面塌陷,并促进了存在于淀粉颗粒无定形区直链淀粉的浸出;经过热处理样品的结晶图谱由A型转变为V型;晶体结构的破坏和重组同时发生但程度不同,样品的相对结晶度表现为先降低,并在特征温度明显回升后再次下降。研究结果为饲料热加工中原料的相互作用及变化机制提供了基础数据,对饲料调质和膨化工艺的优化具有潜在的应用价值。 相似文献
2.
超声预处理对猕猴桃水分状态及热风干燥特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
为了进一步明确超声预处理技术对猕猴桃及其热风干燥的作用效果,该文研究了200～600W超声功率和10～30 min超声时间对猕猴桃片中水分状态和分布、营养成分和后续热风干燥过程中干燥特性、水分迁移规律,以及干燥后样品的微观结构、色泽和质构特性的影响。超声预处理能够引起猕猴桃片中水分流动的变化和重新分布,从而加快热风干燥过程中水分的迁移和蒸发,并且增加超声功率比延长超声时间引起的水分变化更明显。与对照组未处理的样品相比,超声预处理会引起猕猴片中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗氧化成分的减少。核磁共振成像结果表明猕猴桃片中的水分在热风干燥过程中由外表面向内部逐渐去除,水分含量逐渐降低。超声预处理在猕猴桃片内部产生微观通道和褶皱,从而改变了猕猴桃片内部的水分状态和分布,加速了热风干燥阶段水分的迁移和去除,使热风干燥速率比对照组的样品提高了7.6%～17.5%。此外,超声预处理对猕猴桃片干燥后的色泽没有显著影响(P0.05),并且降低了干燥后样品的硬度、胶着度、咀嚼度和回复性等(P0.05)。综合分析,超声功率400 W作用20 min或600 W作用10 min预处理条件比较合适,该结果为超声预处理技术在猕猴桃热风干燥加工中的应用提供了一定的参考。 相似文献
3.
紫花苜蓿的热风干燥是牧草收获后贮藏、深加工的必要预处理方式,为了研究紫花苜蓿干燥过程中各因素对干燥的影响及变化规律,为实际生产工艺提供参考,解决目前紫花苜蓿干燥加工中存在的营养成分损失大、含水率不稳定等问题,利用GZ－1型干燥试验装置,对紫花苜蓿的热风干燥特性和工艺进行了研究。以新鲜的紫花苜蓿为原料,紫花苜蓿的干品品质（粗蛋白含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量、中性洗涤纤维含量）为指标,在对其有影响的4个因素（热风温度、热风速度、茎秆压扁与切断长度情况、助干剂种类与浓度）进行单因素试验的基础上;采用4因素3水平正交试验进行了优化。通过对试验数据进行极差与方差分析,找出了优化工艺参数组合并得出结论：热风温度是影响苜蓿干品粗蛋白质含量的最主要因素,茎秆压扁与切断长度情况是影响苜蓿干品中酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量的最主要因素,热风干燥优化后的工艺参数组合为热风温度70℃、热风速度2.5 m/s、茎秆切断长度10 cm且压扁、碳酸钾浓度3%。在此工艺参数条件下,能有效提高干燥效率,并降低干草中营养成分的损失。研究为确定紫花苜蓿热风干燥工艺参数,提高紫花苜蓿热风干燥品质提供参考。 相似文献
4.
为了提高海米的干燥质量,利用高压电场和热风组合方式对海米进行了干燥试验研究,并与单纯高压电场及单纯热风干燥进行比较,研究结果表明,利用35 kV的高压电场加45℃C热风的组合干燥方式进行海米的干燥,所需干燥时间比同温度下单纯热风干燥缩短50%,干燥能耗降低51.9%,其干燥速度与80℃下的单纯热风干燥速度相近,但干燥海米的收缩率和复水率比80℃时单纯热风干燥均有不同程度的改善.利用组合干燥方法所得干燥海米的10 min和20 min复水率分别比80℃时热风干燥高2.3个百分点和1.33个百分点,收缩率小5.5个百分点,干燥海米具有良好的感官品质和适中疏密程度的组织结构.较之单纯热风干燥,组合干燥具有优势,是一种良好的替代方法. 相似文献
5.
微波真空与热风组合干燥扇贝柱的研究 总被引：21，自引：11，他引：10
利用不同的微波真空和热风组合方式对扇贝柱进行干燥试验研究,并与单纯微波真空干燥及单纯热风干燥进行比较,研究结果表明,利用微波真空+热风+微波真空的组合干燥方式进行扇贝柱的干燥,所需干燥时间比单纯热风干燥缩短50%以上,干燥扇贝柱的收缩率和复水率比单纯微波真空干燥均有不同程度的改善,抗破碎能力明显优于热风干燥。在微波功率和真空度分别为3 W/g和0.090 MPa、热风干燥温度为70℃的条件下,利用MV5(min)+AD120(min)+MV和MV5(min)+AD180(min)+MV两种组合干燥方法,所得干燥扇贝柱的10 min复水率和20 min复水率分别达到42.19%、89.85%和83.2%、106.5%,收缩率减小到49.43%和53.71%,干燥扇贝柱具有良好的感官品质(色泽嫩黄、表面无缝隙、形状保持完好等)和适中疏密程度的组织结构,是较优的扇贝柱干燥参数组合。 相似文献
6.
基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3
为了研究玉米秸秆成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳的工艺参数,该文采用5因素的响应面试验设计研究了原料水分(8%~24%)、温度(50~150℃)、压缩速度(10~50 mm/min)、压力(51.0~127.4 MPa)、保压时间(10~50 s)5个成型参数对玉米秸秆成型颗粒的松弛密度、Meyer强度以及压缩比能耗3个成型技术指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,结合成型燃料标准,获得了最佳的工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。试验结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,温度、原料水分、压力均会对技术指标产生较大影响;而压缩速度和保压时间所产生的影响相对较小。最优化的工艺参数(压力、温度、水分)为:4 k N(51.0 MPa)、110.8℃、17%,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为:松弛密度为1031 kg/m~3,Meyer强度为27.1 N/m~2,比能耗为10.03 k J/kg。该研究可为秸秆生物质成型燃料制备产业提供参考。 相似文献
7.
选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化,以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、堆积密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料水分含量(25～35%)、套筒温度(90～150℃)和螺杆转速(80～100 r/min)对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明：物料水分、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料水分和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度(1.15),高堆积密度(754.7 g/L)、糊化度(882.3 g/kg)、耐久性(96.6%)和水中稳定性(89.1%)。SEM分析显示优化条件(物料水分30%,套筒温度120℃,螺杆转速80 r/min)下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。 相似文献
8.
9.
高温处理燕麦籽粒对面粉黏度特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
该文旨在研究高温处理燕麦籽粒对燕麦面粉黏度特性的影响,为确定燕麦的制粉工艺提供依据。燕麦籽粒采用热风干燥140、155和170℃处理30 min;远红外烘烤200、220和240℃处理15 min 6种方式处理;用法国肖邦公司CD-2实验磨粉机制粉,测定皮粉、心粉和面粉的黏度参数。结果表明,和对照（50℃热风干燥6 h）相比,经高温处理的燕麦籽粒,其皮粉、心粉和面粉的平均糊化起始温度均明显降低;140、155℃的热风干燥和200℃的远红外烘烤处理,均能提高皮粉、心粉和面粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度、低谷黏度;随着热风干燥或红外烘烤温度的升高,燕麦的皮粉、心粉、面粉的峰值黏度,最终黏度和低谷黏度呈下降趋势。初步研究认为,适宜的处理温度（140～155℃热风干燥或200℃远红外烘烤）可降低燕麦粉的糊化温度,增加燕麦粉的黏度。 相似文献
10.
不同杀青方法对绿茶品质的影响 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
杀青作业是提高绿茶加工品质的关键工序,为了提高茶叶加工品质,采用微波、热风、蒸汽、锅炒和蒸汽-热风组合等不同杀青方法对加工后绿茶的感官品质和茶叶内含成分品质特性进行了试验分析,结果表明：微波输出功率 10 kW、时间2.5 min、杀青叶温室75℃,杀青后茶叶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底表现较好,只有香气、滋味欠佳,咖啡碱、茶多酚、维生素C和叶绿素含量最高,分别是2.70%、34.40%、3.335×10-3 mg/g和2.24 mg/g,时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3。蒸汽-热风组合杀青时间为6 min（蒸汽和热风各处理3 min）、叶温80℃杀青的茶叶香气最好,氨基酸保留量达到3.48%,感官品质总分达到90.75分。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献