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1.
为研究氧化还原酶活性对人工湿地中污染物去除率的影响,探讨将基质酶活性作为评判人工湿地整体去除效能的指标,本研究以生物陶粒和鹅卵石为基质并搭配种植再力花(Thalia dealbata)、美人蕉(Canna indica)和梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)的复合垂直流人工湿地为研究对象,2016年6月至11月每月采样1次,对基质中4种氧化还原酶(脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶)的酶活性进行测定,并从酶学的角度探讨这4种氧化还原酶的活性与养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~–-N)、总磷(TP)、正磷酸盐(PO_4~(3–)-P)、COD_(Mn)去除率之间的关系。结果表明,氧化还原酶活性在整个实验过程中发生了显著变化,脱氢酶和过氧化物酶活性先上升后下降,酶活性分别在植物生长高峰期的8月和9月达到最高;多酚氧化酶和硝酸还原酶活性夏季(6—8月)变化不大,植物生长末期达到最高。空间分布上,脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性沿垂直方向分布表现出相同趋势,即表层最高,中层次之,底层最低。硝酸还原酶活性则表现出相反的趋势。脱氢酶活性与COD_(Mn)的去除率显著正相关(R~2=0.6783,P0.05);硝酸还原酶活性与NO3–-N的去除率显著正相关(R~2=0.6768,P0.05);多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性与TN、NO_3~–-N、TP、PO_4~(3–)-P以及COD_(Mn)的去除率无显著相关性(P0.05)。结论认为,脱氢酶可作为人工湿地中去除COD_(Mn)的效能指标,硝酸还原酶可作为人工湿地中去除NO_3~–-N的效能指标。 相似文献
2.
藻-菌单一及共生系统对海水养殖尾水的净化作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索高效可行的海水养殖尾水处理技术,在净化尾水污染物的同时达到微藻生物量积累,本文对比了普通小球藻(Chlorellavulgaris)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillusspp.)在游离和固定形态下,单一和共生系统的细胞生长及其对尾水中氨氮(NH_4~+-N),正磷酸盐(PO_4~(3–)-P),总磷(TP),化学需氧量(COD_(Mn))的去除效果。实验结果表明:游离状态下,藻–菌共生系统促进小球藻细胞生长及尾水中PO_4~(3–)-P和COD_(Mn)的去除。固定态藻–菌共生系统对NH4~+-N, PO43–-P和TP的处理效果优于单一固定态小球藻和单一固定态芽孢杆菌。对比实验设计的所有处理(游离或固定态下的单一藻、单一菌、藻–菌共生),藻–菌共固定系统的处理效果相对最优,对NH_4~+-N, PO_4~(3–)-P, TP和COD_(Mn)的去除率分别达到96.57%, 98.62%, 89.89%和39.09%,出水NH_4~+-N, PO_4~(3–)-P分别达到中国《渔业水质标准》和《海水养殖水排放要求》二级标准, COD_(Mn)达到《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。 相似文献
3.
利用人工湿地系统探讨了海水养殖外排水中不同形态氮的去除效果,分析了系统内部微生物空间分布、基质酶活性对氮去除效率的影响,深入研究了系统内部各微生物间相互作用、基质酶活性与微生物空间分布关系。选择互花米草为人工湿地植物,种植密度为64株/m2;基质填料选择细纱、高炉矿渣和珊瑚石。在3种不同工况条件下,研究人工湿地系统中氮的去除效果、微生物数量和基质酶活性。结果显示,系统对 TN、NH4-N 平均去除率分别为(25.02±12.69)%、(82.91±17.51)%;系统中不同基质层次的微生物数量和脲酶、脱氢酶活性不同,基质中、上层好氧微生物数量和脲酶、脱氢酶活性显著大于下层,系统下行池中、上层硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌显著高于下层,中、上层反硝化细菌数量明显低于下层;细菌总数与 TN(R2=0.50)和 NH4-N(R2=0.61)去除率存在一定正相关性,基质脲酶与 TN 去除率存在显著正相关性(R2=0.86)。研究结果将有助于理解海水人工湿地处理系统中氮的迁移转化机制。 相似文献
4.
2种微藻对养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝态氮的净化作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在水温26℃下采用室内培养法,将蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻分别置于0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、8.0mg/L 5种质量浓度的氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)的培养液中,培养14d,每隔2d分别测定培养液中NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的质量浓度和藻类密度。试验结果表明,在8.0mg/L时蛋白核小球藻对NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率最高,分别为82.5%和75.75%;而斜生栅藻在4.0 mg/L时对NH_4~+-N的去除率最高,为86.75%;在0.5mg/L时对NO_2~--N的去除率最高,为83.75%。在高质量浓度NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N时蛋白核小球藻的扩繁速度更快,而斜生栅藻则在中低质量浓度NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N溶液中更易增殖。利用不同藻类特性增殖藻类净化养殖水体中的NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N具有很好的应用前景。 相似文献
5.
花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis) SLWX2是1株从海水养殖环境分离的可高效去除水体中氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸氮(NO_2~–-N)和硝酸氮(NO_3~–-N)的菌株。本实验在添加葡萄糖条件下,研究NH_4~+-N、NO_2~–-N和NO_3~–-N作为唯一氮源和环境因子(温度、pH、C/N和盐度)对该菌株生长和脱氮性能的影响。结果显示,菌株对这3种形态氮的去除与其生长保持一致,主要发生在对数生长期;当NH_4~+-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮均没有延迟期,NH_4~+-N在去除过程中,没有NO_2~–-N和NO_3~–-N的积累;当NO_2~–-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮均有较长延迟期,在NO_2~–-N消除过程中,没有NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N的积累;当NO_3~–-N作为唯一氮源时,生长和脱氮也有较长延迟期,在NO_3~–-N消除过程中,基本检测不到NH_4~+-N,NO_2~–-N呈先上升后下降趋势。环境因子影响研究表明,环境因子对该菌株的生长和脱氮性能影响基本一致,在pH为6~8.5、温度为28~40℃、C/N为5~25、Na Cl为0~30g/L条件下,菌株展现了良好的生长特性和脱氮性能。其中,最佳条件中,温度为30℃,C/N为25,p H为8.0,盐度为25。该菌株可高效去除NH_4~+-N、NO_2~–-N和NO_3~–-N,对环境条件适应范围较广,在工业和养殖废水脱氮中具有较大的应用潜力。 相似文献
6.
菱角对农村富营养化水体营养盐吸收的初步研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探究浮叶植物对农村富营养化废水中营养盐的去除效果,选定华龙村4个典型水塘,以人工种植菱角(Trapa bispinosa)为试验对象,研究菱角对富营养化水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)、总磷(TP)及化学需氧量(CODCr)的净化能力。结果表明,经过75 d的试验研究,试验区水塘的TN、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的浓度分别从55 mg/L、25 mg/L和3 mg/L降至13 mg/L、4.3 mg/L和2.1 mg/L,去除效率分别为62.3%、74.5%和23.5%;TP及CODCr的浓度从3.3 mg/L和120 mg/L分别降至1.45 mg/L和52.5 mg/L,去除效率为56.9%和56.3%;对照区水塘各营养元素去除率较低。菱角对农村废水中的N、P有一定的吸收作用,对重度富营养化水体,水生植物优先吸收NH_4~+-N,对TN的去除影响较大;NO_3~--N的去除主要依靠微生物的反硝化作用;TP的吸收需要更长的时间。菱角对重度富营养化农村废水营养盐的去除具有重要意义,且可以取得一定的经济效益。本研究为应用水生植物处理农村生活污水中的营养盐提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
检测植物处理污水厂生化尾水的效果和分析植物生理生长特性,为西北干旱半干旱地区人工湿地污水处理系统合理配置土著湿地植物提供理论依据。在复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地中种植芦苇和香蒲,生活污水处理装置的二级生化出水胁迫,植物移栽成活后和收割之前分别检测植物的生理、生长指标和光合参数。结果表明,COD_(Cr)、NH~+_4-N、TN、TP的去除率,种植植物期间分别为79.32%、85.69%、82.17%、91.76%,植物收割后分别为71.34%、58.45%、60.49%、89.86%;芦苇最高株高达到380 cm,香蒲最高株高达到320 cm;地上部分生物量香蒲最高达到4.15kg,芦苇最高达到7.55 kg;香蒲的净光合速率(P_n)分别增加了6.35%、3.99%、22.39%,芦苇的净光合速率(P_n)则分别增加了42.20%、5.26%、8.96%。2种湿地植物在污水胁迫下表现出一定的防御能力,但是抗污能力存在一定的差异。 相似文献
8.
为有效调控高密度海水养殖池塘的水环境状况,构建了以人工湿地为核心的"鱼-虾-贝-草"海水池塘循环水养殖系统。通过比较人工湿地连续流与间歇流,以及种植盐角草(Salicornia europaea)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)时的净化效率,研究适用于海水池塘养殖系统的人工湿地运行方式及植物种类。通过比较不同养殖模式下池塘水质及养殖对象生长情况,分析人工湿地对养殖池塘水体的调控效果,探讨循环养殖模式对池塘产量的提升效果。结果显示:人工湿地间歇运行时(水力负荷为300 mm/d),其净化效率相比于连续运行有显著提升;盐角草湿地出水中的氮、磷质量浓度显著低于互花米草湿地;虽然排、换水频率有较大差异,循环养殖模式与传统养殖模式下养殖池塘水体氨氮(NH^+_4-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO^-_2-N)质量浓度均处于较低水平;采用基于湿地循环水处理的文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)和脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)分池组合混养模式能进一步提高脊尾白虾的单位面积产量,并有效控制养殖废水排放。研究表明:基于人工湿地的海水池塘循环水养殖系统具有较强的环境效益,可为江苏地区海水池塘养殖业的健康发展提供参考。 相似文献
9.
为研究网箱养殖区水体氮的时空变化特征,于2016年6月—2017年5月在樟湖库湾网箱养殖区和非网箱养殖区共设置5个站位,每月采集1次表、底层水,测定和分析总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、亚硝态氮含量(NO_2~--N),并以探讨网箱养殖区不同水层各形态氮的季节变化及相关关系。结果表明,网箱养殖区NO_3~--N和底层水体中TN含量高于对照区,但表层水体中TN和NH_4~+-N年平均含量低于对照区;养殖区和对照区水中无机氮的主要形态均以NO_3~--N为主,其次是NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N最少,TN和三种无机态氮的季节变化趋势一致。网箱养殖区表层水体中各形态氮呈现极显著相关性(P0.01),对照区除表层水体中TN与NO_3~--N、底层水体中TN与NH_4~+-N极显著相关(P0.01)外,其余形态氮之间相关性不显著(P0.05)。 相似文献
10.
为深入探究养殖尾水中氮元素在海水人工湿地内的迁移转化过程,以牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceous)养殖尾水为研究对象,利用氮稳定同位素技术示踪氮的迁移转化,并采用质量平衡法定量不同脱氮途径对人工湿地脱氮的贡献,以全面评估人工湿地系统的脱氮能力。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地对硝态氮有较好的处理效果。经21 d循环运行, NO3--N氮去除率可达(92.81±1.21)%,湿地各基质层中煤渣层δ15N值最低,为(203.58±2.87)‰,珊瑚石层δ15N值最高,为(303.66±2.22)‰;植物中氮含量显著高于各层基质氮含量,平均氮含量为(2.68±0.38)%,其单位质量吸收氮素的能力最强,绝对丰度平均值为(105.61±14.65)×10-3 mg/g,远高于各基质层。系统初期基质、植物及微生物转化对系统脱氮的贡献率分别为44.70%、21.90%、18.11%;稳定期微生物转化则成为主要脱氮途径,贡献率高达60.77%,基质贡献率为6.46%。本研究结果全面揭示了海水养殖尾水中氮元素的去除效率和迁移转化过程,可为氮稳定同位素技术在海水人工湿地系统中的应用提供有效的... 相似文献
11.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
14.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
15.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
16.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated. 相似文献
17.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
18.
Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
19.
T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献