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为了解加拿大披碱草与圆柱披碱草杂种F1的育性、细胞遗传学基础及育种潜力,对其杂种F1的生育特性、染色体构型进行了分析.结果表明,杂种F1生长速度介于双亲之间,平均株高143.67cm,株型偏向加拿大披碱草,叶量丰富,穗子超亲优势明显,花粉高度不育,结实率为0;杂种F1为五倍体,其平均染色体构型为5.82Ⅰ 14.31Ⅱ 0.15Ⅲ,并有落后染色体和染色体桥,染色体配对行为不规则是造成杂种不育的细胞遗传学原因. 相似文献
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为了解老芒麦与紫芒披碱草正、反交杂种F1的育性、细胞遗传学表现及育种利用潜力,对杂种F1的生育特性、染色体构型、EST同工酶等进行了分析.结果表明,正交(老芒麦×紫芒披碱草)F1 和反交(紫芒披碱草×老芒麦)F1植株的生长势均很强,正交F1株高143.2 cm、全株浅绿色,反交F1株高129.7 cm、全株灰绿色;正、反交F1的穗型均呈双亲中间型,花药呈黄色,花粉可育率0.02%～0.03%,结实率为0,说明杂种高度不育;正交F1 的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMC MⅠ)平均染色体构型为6.90Ⅰ+14.02Ⅱ,反交F1为7.82Ⅰ+13.59 Ⅱ,减数分裂后期Ⅰ有落后染色体和染色体桥等不规则现象;亲本及其正、反交杂种F1分蘖期幼叶的EST同工酶酶带的位点、数目和强弱均存在一定差异,可作为亲本及杂种在蛋白质水平识别的重要依据. 相似文献
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为了深入研究大穗型小麦的遗传基础,利用细胞学和SSR方法对从普通小麦与六倍体小黑麦杂交后代中选育的大穗型小麦-黑麦材料7-25进行了鉴定.结果表明,品系7-25的根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)绝大多数细胞内可观察到21个二价体,平均染色体构型2n=20.94Ⅱ 0.11Ⅰ,它与中国春杂种F1的多数花粉母细胞染色体构型为2n=20Ⅱ 2Ⅰ,因此表明品系7-25 是一个小麦-黑麦的二体异代换系.使用位于黑麦1R～3R、5R～7R染色体上的黑麦特异的20对SSR引物,其中有2对引物SCM268和SCM120能在7-25品系中稳定地扩增出黑麦特异染色体片段.SCM268、SCM120分别位于黑麦5R染色体的短臂和长臂上.综合细胞学和SSR分析结果,进一步确定品系7-25为小麦-黑麦5R代换系. 相似文献
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利用偏凸山羊草和拄穗山羊草杂交人工合成了多倍多倍双二倍体SDAU18，并对SDAU18及其双亲的细胞学及主要性状特点进行了鉴定。结果表明，偏凸山羊草和柱穗山羊草的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC M1）的染色体构型均为14Ⅱ；SDAU18的根尖细胞（RTC）染色体数目为2n=56，PMC M1的染色体构型基本上为28Ⅱ．是一个偏凸山羊草和拄穗山羊草的完全多倍多倍双二倍体；SDAU18在株高、穗长、每穗小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等方面都优于其双亲，且对白粉病、条锈病表现免疫。 相似文献
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花生属种间杂种F1的雄配子发生与发育特点研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究以铁矾－苏木精法和改良卡宝品红染色法对载野杂交组合父本Arachis cardenasii（二倍体）、母本铁岭四粒红（四倍体）及杂种F1根尖细胞染色体进行观察，F1为2n＝30。利用醋酸洋红压片法对野生种A.cardenasii花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育各个时期进行了观察。杂种F1的花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育与四倍体栽培种花生相比表现出一些特殊的细胞学特点：F1花粉母细胞联会复杂，染色体构型平均值为2n＝9.5Ⅰ＋6.7Ⅱ 1.8Ⅲ 0.4Ⅳ；大发细胞以15：15方式分离。存在染色单体分离提前现象；细胞核发生异型分裂，并形成了在体积上显著小于正常子细胞的小细胞，从而导致形成五分体和六分体；绝大多数小孢子的败育发生在单核居中期至单核靠边;F1 花粉萌发率低，花粉发育不正常。另外F1的部分花粉具有6个萌发孔，特别是以秋水仙素处理恢复育性的F1花粉均具有6个萌发孔。 相似文献
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本文报导了新近我们从栽培大麦×普通小麦属间回交后代中获得的自变可育异质小麦后代的细胞学和生化学分析结果,异质小麦F_1体细胞染色体数变动在41～43,其中整倍体(2n=42)的频率为93.95％,F_1植株花粉母细胞在减数分裂中期Ⅰ时染色体的构型为n=21Ⅱ和n=20Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,示遗传型稳定。2n=42植株的染色体N——分带,其带型类似普通小麦,采用叶绿体组分Ⅰ蛋白等电聚焦电泳分析表明,杂种细胞质的遗传主要来自母本大麦,证明该异质小麦,就是大麦胞质小麦。大麦胞质小麦的表型,为完全自交可育,植株生长正常,早熟、千粒重高,在小麦改良中,有直接应用价值。 相似文献
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不同细胞质的核质互作对籼粳杂种F1代主要农艺性状的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
将5份籼型不育系及其保持系为母本与6份粳型或偏粳型广亲和系为父本的23对籼粳交不育系杂种(AW)和可育系杂种(BW)，应用核质互作混合线性模型对株高等8个主要农艺性状进行遗传分析。结果表明，株高、单株穗数、剑叶长和结实率等性状均存在显著或极显著的核质互作效应；不育质或可育质与核基因的互作使杂种F1的平均基因型预测值和群体平均优势在株高、单株穗数和剑叶长上得到明显增加，在结实率上则显著降低。 相似文献
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六个八倍体小偃麦的选育和鉴定 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以中间偃麦草（Elytrigia intermedia）与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交，从其杂种后代中选育出6个细胞学稳定的八倍体小偃麦山农TE183、山农TE185、山农TE188、山农TE198、山农TE256和山农TE347。这些八倍体小偃麦植株健壮、育性正常、穗大多实，高抗白粉病、务锈病等小麦病害。种子醇溶蛋白电泳分析证明，6个八倍体小偃麦醇溶蛋白图谱中均具有亲本中间偃麦草的特异带，并且山农TE183、山农TE185、山农TE198、山农TE256和山农TE347等5个八倍体小偃麦的带型基本一致，为同一类型，而山农TE188为另一类型。细胞学鉴定结果表明，6个八倍体小偃麦的根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=56，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I（PMCMI）染色体构型为2n=28II，具有高度的细胞学稳定性。以山农TE188和山农TE198分别与中2、中3和中1、中5杂交，对其杂种F1染色体构型分析结果表明，山农TE188与中。和中2、山农TE198与中1和中5的染色体构成是不同的。综合种子醇溶蛋白电泳和细胞学分析结果，初步认为本研究选育的6个八倍体小偃麦与前人选育的中1、中2、中3、中4、中5等5个八倍体小偃麦所携带的中间偃麦草染色体组可能不完全相同。 相似文献
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普通小麦与Elymus rectisetus衍生后代的细胞遗传学和形态学研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
披碱草（Elymus rectisctus,以下简写为E．rectiselus)具有二倍性无融合生殖特性,为了获得小麦-E．rectisetus稳定的异附加系或异代换系,对(小麦-E．rectiselus)BC2F2衍生后代的细胞学和形态学进行了研究。结果表明,在BC2F5～BC2F7镜栓的单株中,体细胞染色体数目在22～50条之间,其中42条和44条染色体所占的比例最大,分别占鉴定植株总数的38．0％和35．9％。三个2n=42=21″的稳定株系与普通小麦Fukuhokomugi杂交F1的花粉母细胞染色体构型为2n=18″ 6′,表明有三对E．rectiselus染色体代换到普通小麦中;三个2n=44=22″的稳定株系与Fukuhokomugi杂交F1的花粉母细胞染色体构型为21″ 1′,表明它们为二体异附加系。此外,衍生后代的形态学特征趋向于普通小麦。 相似文献
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Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified. 相似文献
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Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from
the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch
were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics
investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules. 相似文献
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种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
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ZHU Mingdong WEI Xiangjin XIE Hongjun TANG Guohua ZENG Xiaoshan WANG Jianlong HU Peisong YU Yinghong 《中国水稻科学》2019,33(5):401-406
Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1):313-324
Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer. 相似文献
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种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。 相似文献
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通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。 相似文献
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Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N2 fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N2 and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the Nmin-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N2 fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent. 相似文献
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Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
N.E.S. Flte K. Hollung L. Ruud T. Sogn E.M. Frgestad H.J. Skarpeid E.M. Magnus A.K. Uhlen 《Journal of Cereal Science》2005,41(3):357-369
Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high Mr polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S. 相似文献