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为提高生物油的提质效率,在HZSM-5及Ti/HZSM-5催化的基础上引入低温等离子体技术,分析等离子体协同催化(PSC)和等离子体增强催化(PEC)等不同结合方式对精制生物油产率、理化特性、化学组成及催化剂稳定性的影响。结果表明,Ti改性和等离子体放电使精制生物油产率逐渐降低,Ti/HZSM-5(PEC)催化所得精制生物油产率较低,生物油质量分数为13. 84%,但烃类物质的分布得到明显改善;而Ti/HZSM-5(PSC)催化所得精制生物油中烃类总含量略低,但高氢碳比产物相对含量达68. 89%,理化特性较优,高位热值达到36. 52 MJ/kg; PSC方法等离子体对催化剂表面的冲击作用较强,使催化剂结焦量相对较低,Ti/HZSM-5(PSC)的结焦量较低,积分面积仅为5. 24%,催化稳定性较高。综合而言,基于Ti/HZSM-5的催化作用,PSC方法优于PEC方法。 相似文献
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为提高生物质热解气的提质转化效率,以聚乙烯塑料热解气为间接加氢原料,利用低温等离子体(Non thermal plasma, NTP)协同Ru、Ti及Sn改性HZSM-5,间接加氢生物质热解气制备烃类燃料,探讨了金属改性对反应中活性自由基、有机相产率、理化特性与化学组成以及催化剂结焦率的影响。结果表明,在NTP条件下,Ru和Ti改性可以活化热解气,形成更多同尺度活性自由基,有利于混合热解气的有效整合,其中,Ti改性使有机相产率和高位热值分别达到58.73%和38.73MJ/kg;Ru、Ti和Sn改性使有机相中芳香烃相对含量显著升高,升幅分别为109.15%、208.55%和52.52%,Ru和Ti改性导致产物有效氢碳比降低;Ru、Ti和Sn改性催化剂的结焦率从12.88%分别降至9.44%、4.95%和10.91%,Ti改性催化剂具有较高的稳定性。研究表明,在NTP作用下,Ti改性HZSM-5对混合热解气具有较高的提质转化效率,且催化稳定性较高。 相似文献
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Fe、Co、Cu改性HZSM-5催化热解制备生物油试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用浸渍法对HZSM-5分别进行了Fe、Co、Cu改性;通过XRD、Py-IR和BET法对改性HZSM-5进行了表征;在两段式固定床反应器上进行了生物质热解气的在线提质试验;分析了改性HZSM-5的催化提质和抗结焦性能。结果表明,Fe、Co、Cu改性负载物分布较为均匀,没有团聚成大颗粒晶体,对HZSM-5的酸性分布产生了不同的影响,同时修饰了分子筛孔道,减小了分子筛孔容;经Fe、Co、Cu改性HZSM-5催化所得精制生物油的产率为18.37%~19.03%,O质量分数为15.13%~17.23%,p H值为5.05~5.12,运动黏度为5.16~5.22 mm2/s,高位热值为34.56~36.01 MJ/kg;精制生物油中含有多种官能团,有机物种类较多,烃类物质总含量有明显升高,尤其是PAHs的含量显著升高,芳构化性能显著增强,其中,经Fe/HZSM-5和Co/HZSM-5催化提质,生物油中MAHs含量相对较高;Fe/HZSM-5和Cu/HZSM-5抗无定型焦炭的性能较强,Co/HZSM-5抗石墨型焦炭的能力大幅增强。 相似文献
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为研究旋转床反应器在不同载气条件下的秸秆生物质热解影响,在无载气、以尾气作为载气、以N2作为载气的情况下,进行了秸秆生物质在旋转床反应器中的热解反应。分别收集了生物炭、生物油以及合成气,进行了产量测算;对生物炭进行了热值与元素分析,对生物油进行了热值、含水率和元素分析;分析了合成〖JP2〗气有机物组成与含量。结果表明：通尾气能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值、含碳量较高,分别为22.99MJ/kg、51.24%;生物油的含水率降低30.45%、有机物质量分数升高11.11%,但是生物油的热值下降,合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最高,为67.04%;尾气能够更加快速带走热解气或者参与热解的二次反应,生物质反应最充分,能够增加H的活性,减少水含量,但是无法去除氧元素,氧元素保留在生物油中;通N2能够减少生物炭产率,增加生物油产率,并且生物炭的热值较高,为22.28MJ/kg,含碳量较高,为55.86%,生物油的含水率和有机物含量变化不大,但是生物油的热值升高到12.25MJ/kg;合成气中轻质有机物质量分数最小,为64.07%;通N2能够减少热解二次反应的发生,热解气能够快速离开反应器。 相似文献
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为探索Hβ分子筛在裂化反应中的特性，可以在降低能耗、提高经济效益的同时，获得较好品质的生物基燃料油，分析不同温度、质量空速对小桐子油气相催化裂化效果的影响。试验以硅铝比为25∶1的Hβ分子筛作为催化剂，以小桐子油为原料，使用实验室自制固定床反应装置，开展了植物油脂催化裂化的研究。试验结果表明，当催化温度为475 ℃、质量空速为8.72 h-1时，液体产品转化率为27.88%，液体产品酸值为9.49 KOHmg/g，密度为0.862 1 g/cm3，液体产品成分多为芳香族类化合物。 相似文献
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以HZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备不同NiO负载量的NiO/HZSM-5催化剂并进行表征,发现负载量为8%的催化剂表面形貌相对平整,比表面积、酸位等特性较理想。通过生物油模拟物催化试验对催化剂性能进行评价,试验结果表明负载量和反应温度都对催化剂活性有明显影响。在反应温度为400℃时,负载量为8%的催化剂使模拟物中甲苯和愈创木酚具有较好的转化率,分别达到83%和88%;较HZSM-5催化的情况分别提高60%和70%。改性后生物油的热值也可增加约30%。负载物NiO的加入使催化剂表面强酸位降低约45%,同时提高了催化剂的稳定性和抗积碳能力,延长了催化剂使用寿命,其中8-ZSM-5催化剂在反应6 h后仍保持较高活性。 相似文献
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探讨了超声波辅助条件下采用新型固体酸S2O82-/A l2O3-ZrO2-La2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化棉籽油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了超声波频率、功率、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响。结果表明,在超声波辅助下,固体酸催化剂对棉籽油酯交换具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离。在超声波频率28 Hz、功率80 W、反应温度140℃、醇油摩尔比15∶1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4%的条件下,反应3 h产物中棉籽油甲酯含量达到97.1%,催化剂重复使用十次甲酯含量可维持在90%左右。 相似文献
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设计了一种恒温分级冷凝装置,应用该装置对油茶果壳在500℃时的热解挥发物进行了分级冷凝试验,获得了165℃以上、165~120℃、120℃以下3个冷凝温度段下的分级生物油产物;分析了各组产物的热值、p H值、运动粘度后发现:前2级生物油产物的含水率得到了有效降低,高位热值均大于23 MJ/kg,比常规方法所获生物油的热值增加约44%,但运动粘度较大;随着冷凝温度的降低,各组生物油运动粘度显著下降,p H值略有提升;通过热分析曲线并结合综合燃烧特性指数分析了生物油的燃烧特性,发现利用分级冷凝所获得的初分生物油在燃烧特性上出现了比较明显的区别,其中第2级生物油在各组样品中的燃烧性能最好。试验结果表明,所设计的分级冷凝装置基本实现了热解挥发物的在线初级分离,各级产物的特性有比较明显的区别,为生物油分级冷凝装置的设计提供了参考,为分级生物油的进一步应用奠定了基础。 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
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Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
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在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献