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1.
The effects of mammary gland bacterial infection and stage of lactation on leukocyte infiltration into the mammary gland were compared among cows, goats and sheep. Animals were at two stages of lactation: mid or late. In mid-lactation animals, bacterial-free glands and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS)-infected glands were compared. In late lactation only uninfected glands were studied. Of mid-lactation bacteria-free animals, goats had the highest number of leukocytes and % polymorphonuclears (PMNs), whereas sheep had the lowest and leukocytes number in cows were intermediate between sheep and goats. Based on %PMN, two cell clusters were found in sheep, which overlapped with the parallel cell clusters of cows and goats, but with a slightly higher number of leukocytes in each cell cluster. At late lactation, goats had higher values for %PMN and leukocyte numbers in comparison to cows, which had a similar cellular profile to sheep. The cellular immune response to CNS infection was similar for the three animal species, although the number of cells was different, while the basal cell level at mid-lactation and especially at the end of lactation was species specific.  相似文献   

2.
Ten Holstein heifers were fed a selenium-deficient (SeD) diet (0.04 mg of Se/kg on a total ration dry-matter basis) 3 months before calving and throughout their first lactation. A selenium-supplemented (SeS) diet (2 mg of Se/head/d) was fed to a group of 10 heifers. In about the 14th week of lactation, the cows were challenge-exposed to Escherichia coli by administering 15 to 40 colony-forming units (CFU) into 1 mammary gland. Selenium concentration (microgram/ml) in blood around the time of challenge exposure was 0.033 +/- 0.002 (mean +/- SEM) in SeD and 0.132 +/- 0.006 in SeS cows. Infections were established in all challenge-exposed quarters. The frequency of quarter atrophy and agalactia, and reduction in whole-udder milk yield in the first 4 days after challenge exposure, were greater (P less than 0.05) in the SeD cows. Log10 peak bacterial concentrations in milk were higher (P less than 0.05) in SeD (7.63 +/- 0.34 CFU/ml) than in SeS cows (5.57 +/- 0.66 CFU/ml). Mean log bacterial concentration was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) from 12 to 20 hours after challenge exposure in SeD than in SeS cows. Duration of infection was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in SeD (162.0 +/- 12.0) than in SeS cows (114.4 +/- 18.0 hours). Milk somatic cell counts increased significantly more slowly (P less than 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows from 8 to 16 hours after challenge exposure. Ratios of milk somatic cells to bacteria in milk were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows at 12 and 16 hours after challenge exposure.  相似文献   

3.
Effect of nutrient intake on mammary gland growth in lactating sows   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Sixty-one primiparous sows were used to determine the response of mammary gland growth to different energy and protein intakes during lactation. After birth, litter size was set to 9 or 10 pigs. Sows were slaughtered at selected times up to 30 d of lactation. Individual sows were fed one of four diets that were combinations of different amounts of energy and protein (3.0 Mcal ME and 8.0 g lysine/kg diet; 3.0 Mcal ME and 16.2 g lysine/kg diet; 3.5 Mcal ME and 6.4 g lysine/kg diet; or 3.5 Mcal ME and 13.0 g lysine/kg diet). Mammary glands were collected at slaughter and trimmed of skin and the extraneous fat pad. Each gland was weighed, cut in half to measure cross-sectional area, ground, and stored at -20 degrees C for chemical analysis. Frozen, ground tissue was used to determine dry matter, dry fat-free tissue (DFFT), total tissue protein, ash, and DNA content. Only glands known to have been suckled were included in this data set. Response surface regression was used for statistical analysis. The percentage of protein, fat, ash, and DNA in each suckled mammary gland was affected only by total energy intake (P<.05). The percentage of dry tissue and fat decreased as the total energy consumed during lactation increased, whereas the percentage of protein and DFFT increased as total energy intake increased. There were quadratic effects (P<.05) of both total energy and protein intake on wet weight, dry weight, protein amount, DFFT amount, and DNA amount of each suckled mammary gland during lactation. This study shows that mammary gland growth is affected by nutrient intake during lactation. The weight of suckled mammary glands and the amount of mammary tissue protein, DFFT, and total DNA were maximal on d 27.5 of lactation when sows had consumed an average of 16.9 Mcal of ME and 55 g of lysine per day during lactation. Provision of adequate amounts of nutrients to sows during lactation is important for achieving maximal growth of mammary glands and maximal milk production.  相似文献   

4.
The expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) mRNA was examined in mammary gland with or without lactation, and during periparturient period in a Holstein cow and a Jersey cow. In the lactating mammary gland, PTHrP was detected in alveolar epithelial cells and the lumen by immunohistochemical analysis. The relative expression levels of PTHrP mRNA in mammary gland from lactating cows were significantly higher than those from non-lactating cows (P<0.05). During periparturient period, relative PTHrP mRNA level was remarkably low before the parturition in a Jersey and a Holstein cow, however, both levels were gradually increased and reached a peak level at 5-6 weeks after the parturition. In addition, the peak level in a Jersey cow was approximately 3-fold higher than that in a Holstein cow. From these results, PTHrP was synthesized and secreted in alveolar epithelial cells in mammary gland and increased subsequently with the lactation, suggesting a possible mechanism for the regulation of local calcium homeostasis.  相似文献   

5.
Twenty-four primiparous sows were used to determine the extent of mammary gland growth during lactation. Litter size was set to nine or 10 pigs immediately after birth. Sows were slaughtered in groups representing d 0 (within 12 h after farrowing), 5, 10, 14, 21, and 28 of lactation. Sows were provided 17.5 Mcal ME and 65 g of lysine per day during lactation. Mammary glands were collected at slaughter and trimmed of skin and extraneous fat pad. Each gland was weighed, cut in half to measure cross-sectional area, and ground for chemical analysis. Dry matter content, dry fat-free tissue (DFFT) content, protein content, amino acids composition, ash content, and DNA content were measured. Only glands known to have been suckled were included in these data. Wet and dry tissue weight; cross-sectional area; and the amount of DFFT, tissue protein, and amino acids in each suckled mammary gland increased (P < .05) during lactation to a peak on d 21. Fat percentage of each suckled gland declined (P < .05) and the percentage of protein and DFFT increased (P < .05) as lactation progressed. These results suggest that hypertrophy occurred in the tissue during lactation. There was a linear increase in the amount and percentage of DNA during lactation (P < .05), suggesting hyperplasia of the mammary tissue. Mammary tissue growth continues in suckled glands during lactation in sows, with gland wet weight increased by 55% and total gland DNA increased by 100% between d 5 and 21 of lactation.  相似文献   

6.
Challenge of 12 mammary glands of cows in mid-lactation with 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) of Peptostreptococcus indolicus on two occasions led to clinical mastitis in only four quarters. The bacteria were rarely recovered and disappeared from the secretion within 14 days. In challenges 7 days prior to drying off eight of 12 quarters became infected and at drying off all quarters challenged became infected. The infections established at drying off persisted well into the dry period. P. indolicus infection was also established in all of 12 dry glands challenged, but usually eliminated at calving or early in the next lactation. Isolation of P. indolicus was accompanied in about one-third of cases by changes in the appearance of the secretion. Intramammary challenge with Actinomyces (formally Corynebacterium) pyogenes led to clinical and subclinical infections in nine of 12 lactating glands and in all of six dry glands. Dry period infections with A. pyogenes were more severe and rarely eliminated even by antibiotic therapy. Infections during lactation were often eliminated either naturally or by antibiotic therapy. Intermittent recovery of A. pyogenes from the lactating mammary gland, without clinical signs of infection, was possible for up to 90 days after challenge. Combined infections with A. pyogenes and P. indolicus were clinically more severe with a higher frequency of systemic involvement. It was shown that in the non-lactating gland an acute mastitis, similar to 'summer mastitis' could be established either by simultaneous inoculation with A. pyogenes and P. indolicus or by subsequent inoculation of quarters excreting P. indolicus with A. pyogenes.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To determine milk flow, somatic cell counts (SCCs), and the incidence of clinical mastitis in cows that had undergone theloresectoscopy for treatment of teat stenosis caused by mucosal detachment in the region of the streak canal or Fürstenberg's rosette. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 52 cows with teat stenosis that were treated via theloresectoscopy. PROCEDURE: Medical records of eligible cows were reviewed. Additional data regarding milking ease, SCC, development of clinical mastitis of the affected gland, and whether the cow remained in the herd were collected via owner-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: 49 of 52 questionnaires were completed. At referral, teat sinusitis was diagnosed in 29 of 52 cows. Milk flow was normal in 38 of 41 treated teats at discharge and in 24 of 40 during the next lactation. Thirteen of 49 cows were culled during the next lactation because of abnormal udder health. High SCC and teat sinusitis at referral and development of clinical mastitis during the 10-day period after surgery resulted in high SCCs in the remainder of the current lactation. The incidence of clinical mastitis during the remainder of the current and during the next lactation was higher in cows that had teat sinusitis at the time of surgery, compared with those that did not. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Teat stenoses resulting from mucosal lesions in the region of the streak canal or Fürstenberg's rosette may be successfully treated via theloresectoscopy. Inflammation of the teat sinus and gland at the time of surgery may adversely affect udder health.  相似文献   

8.
Epithelial and endothelial cells play a pivotal role in initiating and controlling the movement of leukocytes into tissues during inflammation through the production of cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8). In situ hybridization with an IL-8 riboprobe was used to determine IL-8 mRNA expression by mammary gland epithelial and endothelial cells in cows with experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. Epithelial cells of the gland, especially surrounding the alveoli, had increased IL-8 mRNA levels at all time points at which tissue samples were collected (8, 12, and 24h) after E. coli challenge. Levels of IL-8 expression in the epithelial cells decreased at 24h post-infection. IL-8 expression by mammary gland endothelial cells was low, but did increase slightly at 24h post-infection. Both epithelial and endothelial cells of the mammary gland can contribute to the production of IL-8 that is typically seen in coliform mastitis.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this study was to compare the ability of milk macrophages and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions during the mid-dry period for their interaction with the mastitis-causing Streptococcus uberis. We also aimed to determine if S. uberis induced the release of the cytokine tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) from milk macrophages of lactating cows and macrophages from the mammary gland secretions at the mid-dry period. Macrophages were isolated from the mammary gland secretions of cows during the mid-lactation or mid-dry period, and compared with blood monocytes for their interaction with the important mastitis-causing pathogen S. uberis. When infected in vitro with S. uberis, milk macrophages from lactating cows with S. uberis released modest amounts of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (139 pg/ml) and the bactericidal moiety nitric oxide (NO) (3-4 microM of nitrite). Blood monocytes from lactating cows released significantly higher amounts of TNF-alpha (345 +/- 143 pg/ml) and NO (7 +/- 2 microM of nitrite) after interaction with S. uberis, compared to milk macrophages (P < 0.01 for both TNF-alpha and NO). Stimulation of blood monocytes with the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced significantly the release of NO and TNF-alpha, but IFN-gamma did not significantly enhance the production of NO and TNF-alpha by milk macrophages from lactating cows. Milk macrophages from all lactating cows failed to kill S. uberis efficiently, and this lack of killing was unaffected by prior treatment with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) (P > 0.05). Rather, S. uberis multiplied significantly inside infected milk macrophages from lactating cows, with a two-fold increase in bacterial numbers at 2 h post-infection. Milk macrophages from lactating cows were able however, to kill a significant proportion (50-60%, P < 0.01) of phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus. Blood monocytes from all cows were found to exert significant bactericidal activity against S. uberis. There were no significant differences in the bactericidal activity of milk macrophages obtained from lactating cows with low somatic cell counts (SCC; < 10(5) ml(-1)) compared with those with a mildly elevated SCC (> 10(5) ml(-1)) (P > 0.05). In contrast, mammary gland secretion macrophages isolated from the same cows in the mid-dry period killed a significant proportion of phagocytosed S. uberis (50-65% of ingested S. uberis killed, P < 0.01) although cytokine production in response to in vitro bacterial infection was low. We conclude that the bactericidal activity of mammary gland secretion macrophages against a virulent strain of S. uberis is low during the lactation period. In addition, our data indicate that S. uberis is not a strong inducer of NO and TNF-alpha in macrophages from the milk or mammary gland secretions of cows during the drying off period. Finally, IFN-gamma does not activate milk macrophages or macrophages from cows during the lactating period or mammary gland secretions during the drying off period.  相似文献   

10.
Glucose delivery and uptake by the mammary gland are a rate-limiting step in milk synthesis. It is thought that insulin-independent glucose uptake decreases in tissues, except for the mammary gland, and insulin resistance in the whole body increases following the onset of lactation. To study glucose metabolism in peak-, late-, and nonlactating cows, the expression of erythrocyte-type glucose transporter (GLUT1) and the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) in the mammary gland, adipose tissue, and muscle were assessed by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Our results demonstrated that the mammary gland of lactating cows expressed a large amount of GLUT1, whereas the mammary gland of nonlactating cows did not (P < 0.05). On the other hand, adipose tissue of late and nonlactating cows expressed a large amount of GLUT1, whereas the adipose tissue of peak-lactating cows did not (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the abundance of GLUT4 mRNA in adipose tissue and muscle, whereas GLUT4 mRNA was not detected in the mammary gland. The plasma insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.05) in nonlactating cows than in peak- and late-lactating cows. The results of the present study indicate that in lactation, GLUT1 expression in the mammary gland and adipose tissue is a major factor for insulin-independent glucose metabolism, and the expression of GLUT4 in muscle and adipose tissue is not an important factor in insulin resistance in lactation; however, the plasma insulin concentration may play a role in insulin-dependent glucose metabolism. Factors other than GLUT4 may be involved in insulin resistance.  相似文献   

11.
Glucose delivery and uptake by the mammary gland is a rate‐limiting step in milk synthesis. Insulin resistance is believed to increase throughout the body following the onset of lactation. To study glucose metabolism in peak‐, late‐, and non‐lactating cows we analyzed the expression of an adipokine, namely, adiponectin, decreased insulin resistance, leptin, and a novel insulin‐responsive glucose transporter (GLUT12) in the adipose tissue and mammary gland by using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Our results demonstrated that the mRNA level of adiponectin in the adipose tissue was greater in non‐lactating cows than in peak‐lactating cows. In the adipose tissue, there were no significant differences in the abundance of GLUT12 mRNA between the peak‐, late‐, and non‐lactating cows. In contrast, in the mammary gland, the mRNA level of GLUT12 was greater in non‐lactating cows than in peak‐ and late‐lactating cows. In the adipose tissue, the mRNA level of leptin and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2) was greater in non‐lactating cows than in peak‐lactating cows. The results of the present study suggest that in lactating cows adiponectin plays an important role in insulin resistance in the adipose tissue; in the mammary gland, GLUT12 expression is believed to be an important factor for insulin‐dependent glucose metabolism.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
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14.
To investigate the effect of feeding dairy cows diets containing lucerne hay, centrosema hay, and groundnut haulms (crop residue) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk composition, nine multiparous Friesian-Holstein cows in their mid-lactation stage were used in a 3?×?3 crossover design replicated three times. Dairy cows fed lucerne hay had significantly (p?<?0.001) higher DMI than dairy cows fed centrosema hay. DMI for cows fed groundnut haulms and lucerne hay was not significantly different. Daily milk yield for dairy cows fed diet containing lucerne hay was significantly (p?<?0.01) higher than that for dairy cows fed diets containing groundnut haulms or centrosema hay. Milk composition and body condition scores of the cows were not significantly affected by either lucerne hay, groundnut haulms, or centrosema hay. Overall, the results in this study indicated that feeding dairy cows diets containing lucerne hay increased milk yield.  相似文献   

15.
Twenty-eight primiparous sows were used to determine the effect of litter size on the growth of mammary glands and nursing pigs during lactation. Litter size was set to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 pigs by cross-fostering immediately after birth. Four sows were allotted to each litter-size group. Sows were allowed to consume a daily maximum of 13.6 Mcal ME and 46.3 g of lysine during lactation. Sows were slaughtered on d 21 (20.6+/-1.1) of lactation. Mammary glands were collected at slaughter and trimmed of skin and the extraneous fat pad. Each gland was separated, weighed, and ground for chemical analysis. Dry matter, dry fat-free tissue (DFFT), crude protein, ash, and DNA contents were measured. Only glands known to have been nursed were included in the data set. Wet and dry weights and the amounts of DFFT, protein, DNA, ash, and fat in individual nursed mammary glands linearly decreased (P<.05) as litter size increased. Percentages of DFFT, protein, and DNA were quadratically affected (P<.05) by litter size on d 21 of lactation. Total mammary wet and dry weights and total DFFT, protein, DNA, fat, and ash amount of all nursed mammary glands of each sow were increased as litter size increased (P<.05). Changing litter size from 6 to 12 pigs resulted in 2,098, 432, 253, 227, 4.4, 178, and 20 g increases in the amounts of total mammary wet weight, dry weight, DFFT, protein, DNA, fat, and ash, respectively, on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain was 18.1 kg greater in sows with 12 pigs than in sows with 6 pigs. Sows with a larger litter size had a greater increase in total mass of mammary gland tissue and litter weight but had lower growth of individual nursed mammary glands and individual pigs than sows with the smaller litter size. The need for nutrients to support additional mammary gland and litter growth as litter size increases should be considered when estimating nutrient requirements for lactating sows. Sows need an additional .96 g lysine per day to account for mammary gland growth for each pig added to a litter.  相似文献   

16.
Physiological changes in the concentrations of biotin in the serum and milk and in the physical properties of the claw horn were examined in Holstein cows. A lower concentration of biotin in the serum and a higher concentration of biotin in milk were found during early and late lactation and during the dry period, and a significant (p<0.05) inverse correlation was found between serum and milk biotin concentrations. A high moisture content and a low level of hardness of the claw horn were found during mid-lactation. Our results indicate that change in the serum biotin concentration probably results from the loss of biotin in the milk of cows during each stage of lactation and also confirm that the moisture content and hardness of the claw horn undergo physiological changes.  相似文献   

17.
热应激对荷斯坦奶牛体温和呼吸的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验旨在研究热应激对不同泌乳阶段奶牛直肠温度、皮肤温度和呼吸频率的影响。选用不同泌乳阶段、胎次相近的荷斯坦奶牛18头,按泌乳天数分为泌乳前期、泌乳中期和泌乳后期3组,每组6个重复,根据牛舍温湿指数(THI)变化情况,进行热应激与非热应激的自身对照试验。结果表明:热应激极显著增加各泌乳阶段奶牛的直肠温度、皮肤温度和呼吸频率(P<0.01);THI与各泌乳阶段奶牛的直肠温度、皮肤温度、呼吸频率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);在同一环境下,不同泌乳阶段奶牛的直肠温度、皮肤温度及呼吸频率无显著差异(P>0.05)。热应激严重影响奶牛的直肠温度、皮肤温度和呼吸频率,与泌乳中、后期奶牛相比,热应激对泌乳前期奶牛的影响趋于较大。  相似文献   

18.
Fifty primiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows were used in 2×2 factorial study. The factors were the protein-feeding strategy: constant (cCP) or variable (vCP) protein content in concentrate during lactation and the use of a commercial health product from 2 weeks pre- to 8 weeks postpartum. On treatment cCP, the CP content of the concentrate was 180 g/kg in dry matter (DM) throughout the lactation, and on vCP treatment, the CP content was 210, 180 and 150 g/kg DM during lactation days 0-100, 101-200 and 201-305, respectively. The concentrate blends included barley, oats, rapeseed meal, molassed sugar beet pulp and minerals and vitamins. Grass silage and ensiled wet sugar beet pulp (100 g/kg DM in TMR) were used as forage. The forage-to-concentrate ratio in TMR was 55:45 on both treatments. The experimental period was 305 days of the first lactation.The average daily milk yield (cCP: 26.3 kg/day vs. vCP: 27.5 kg/day) was higher (P<0.05) when feeding concentrate with decreasing protein content, but the effect was not seen in an energy-corrected milk (cCP: 28.1 kg/day vs. vCP: 29.0 kg/day). Milk composition was not affected by the protein-feeding strategy. Protein-feeding strategy had no effect on DM intake (cCP: 18.5 kg/day vs. vCP: 18.9 kg/day). The efficiency of CP utilization (milk protein/CP intake) was higher (0.327 vs. 0.301; P<0.05) on vCP treatment during the last 100 days of lactation, but during the first 200 days of lactation, no significant difference was found. The average efficiency of CP utilization throughout the lactation was 0.32 with no difference between treatments. The protein-feeding strategy had no effect on the development of body condition scores of the cows. In mid-lactation, the cows on cCP treatment gained more weight than the cows on vCP treatment. The health product had no significant effect on production or feed intake. The results suggest that only small benefits can be obtained from feeding TMR to primiparous cows differing in CP content at various stages of lactation.  相似文献   

19.
Regulation of mammary gland remodeling during the lactation cycle in cattle still remains unclear. The present study focused on the role of TGF-beta1 and somatotropic pathways proteins in control of the switch between survival and death of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Expressions of TGF-beta1, TGF-betaRII, IGF-IRalpha, IGF-IRbeta, GH-R, IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 in mammary tissue explants in Holstein-Fresian heifers (n = 7) and cows (n = 23) in early lactation (1-100 day), late lactation (200-260 day) and drying off (280-340 day) were compared with biochemical indices of apoptosis (caspase 3, 89 kDa fragment of PARP) and autophagy (Beclin1). The results revealed that an increase in apoptosis during the dry period was accompanied by highly significant increases in TGF-beta1 and TGF-betaRII expression. Beside biochemical markers, typical morphological features of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, separation from the neighboring cells and condensation of chromatin were observed. TGF-beta1 expression and induction of apoptosis was facilitated by the suppression of somatotropic pathway during drying off, manifested with down-regulation of GH-R and IGF-IRalpha, and up-regulation of IGFBP-4 and -5. This is the first report describing autophagy in the bovine mammary gland. Similarly to apoptosis, the intensity of autophagy was the highest in the dry period, as shown by increased expression of Beclin1 and morphological features, e.g. autophagosomes, autophagic vacuoles. Autophagy observed in the involuting mammary tissue could be the natural cell defense against transient undernourishment and action of apoptogenic peptides (e.g. TGF-beta1, IGFBPs), thus maintaining cellular homeostasis in the dry period.  相似文献   

20.
The limiting amino acids for lactating sows were determined using 28 primiparous sows that were intentionally underfed both energy and protein during a 21-d lactation. Groups of four sows were allotted to litter-size treatments of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 by cross-fostering as needed within 48 h postpartum. Sows were killed on d 21 of lactation. The carcass, liver, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, mammary gland, and other viscera were separated, weighed, ground, and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, and amino acids. Simple linear equations were obtained for each amino acid within tissues as a function of litter size. The mobilization of amino acids from carcass, liver, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive tract, and other viscera increased as litter size increased. Amino acids were accreted to mammary glands as litter size increased (2.65 g lysine/21 d for each one-pig increase in litter size). Milk production needs were estimated (49.9 g lysine/21 d for each one-pig increase in litter size). The quantity of each amino acid required additionally as litter size increased was obtained from the difference between amino acid needs for milk production and mammary gland growth and those provided from tissue mobilization. The relative ratio among amino acids that are required additionally (ideal amino acid pattern) was compared with the relative ratio of amino acids that can be provided from a corn-soybean meal lactation diet. From the comparison, it was shown that threonine and lysine are the first-limiting amino acids, followed by valine, when tissue mobilization occurs during lactation. Lysine is the first-limiting amino acid, and valine becomes second-limiting followed by threonine, when sows do not mobilize body tissues during lactation. Thus, the limiting order of essential amino acids changes depending on feed intake and tissue mobilization of sows during lactation. Proper feeding of lactating sows should consider the expected degree of tissue mobilization during lactation.  相似文献   

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