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1.
A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to assess the effects of presence or absence of rumen protozoa and of dietary coconut oil distillate (COD) supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics, digesta kinetics and methane production in Brahman heifers. Twelve Brahman heifers were selected to defaunate, with 6 being subsequently refaunated. After defaunation and refaunation, heifers were randomly allocated to COD supplement or no supplement treatments while fed an oaten chaff‐based diet. Methane production (MP; 94.17 v 104.72 g CH4/d) and methane yield [MY; 19.45 v 21.64 g CH4/kg dry matter intake (DMI)] were reduced in defaunated heifers compared with refaunated heifers when measured at 5 weeks after refaunation treatment (p < 0.01). Supplement of COD similarly reduced MP and MY (89.36 v 109.53 g/d and 18.46 v 22.63 g/kg DMI, respectively; p < 0.01), and there were no significant interactions of defaunation and COD effects on rumen fermentation or methane emissions. Concentration of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate was not affected by defaunation or by COD. Microbial crude protein (MCP; g/d) outflow was increased by defaunation (p < 0.01) in the absence of COD but was unaffected by defaunation in COD‐supplemented heifers. There was a tendency towards a greater average daily gain (ADG) in defaunated heifers (p = 0.09), but COD did not increase ADG (p > 0.05). The results confirmed that defaunation and COD independently reduced enteric MP even though the reduced emissions were achieved without altering rumen fermentation VFA levels or gut digesta kinetics.  相似文献   

2.
Methyl‐mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL), a new sugar esterified lipid synthesized by Pseudozyma aphidis, was assessed for its functionality in modulating rumen fermentation and microbiota toward more propionate and less methane production. A pure culture study using rumen representatives showed that MEL selectively inhibited the growth of most Gram‐positive bacteria including Streptococcus bovis, ruminococci, and Fibrobacter succinogenes, but not Gram‐negative bacteria such as Megasphaera elsdenii, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, and Selenomonas ruminantium. A batch culture study revealed that MEL significantly decreased methane production in a dose‐dependent manner with accumulation of hydrogen, while propionate production was enhanced. A continuous culture (Rusitec) study confirmed all of these changes. A feeding study revealed that sheep fed a MEL diet showed an increased proportion of propionate, while proportions of acetate and butyrate were decreased without affecting total VFA level. These changes disappeared after cessation of MEL feeding. Based on these results, dietary application of MEL can favorably modify rumen fermentation in terms of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization.  相似文献   

3.
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of defaunation on the fermentation of two different diets consisting of hay (100%) and hay+barley (80% + +20%) in a rumen pouch (RUSITEC). The survival and composition of protozoa were investigated in an in vitro system in control vessels where no defaunation was carried out. Defaunation decreased the production of total volatile fatty acids (P < < 0.01), acetate, butyrate (P < 0.001)--Tab. II; dry matter digestibility (P < 0.05) and detergent fibre digestibility: acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), cellulose (P < 0.001), hemicellulose (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) in our experiment (Tab. I). These parameters also decreased: production of CH4 (P < 0.001), CO2 (P < 0.01 for the barley diet), total production of gases (P < 0.001 for the barley diet), total utilization (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively) and recovery of H2 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively), NH3-N in effluent (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively)--Tab. III; and production of ATP (P < 0.01)--Tab. IV, as a result of fermentation in our experiment. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the following parameters: production of propionate (P < 0.001 for the barley diet)--Tab. II; microbial nitrogen/kg of organic matter fermented--OMF (P < 0.001), Tab. III; energy yield--E of volatile fatty acids (VFA), proportion of VFA energy with respect to fermented hexose energy--E1, proportion of energy in bacterial cells with respect to fermented hexose energy--E3 (P < 0.001) and the effectiveness of microbial proteosynthesis--YATP (P < 0.001), Tab. IV, as a result of defaunation. The total number of protozoa and the number of some species, especially the number of big entodinio-morphid protozoa, were markedly higher (p < 0.001) for the barley diet--Tab. V. The number of protozoa decreased rapidly within three days after the system initiation. Later on, the values were more or less steady.  相似文献   

4.
The role of ciliate protozoa in nutrition of the ruminant   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
The effects of ciliate protozoa on the ruminal ecosystem, digestion in different parts of the gut, the nature of nutrients available for absorption and their effects upon the nutrition and productivity of their host are reviewed. Compared with fauna-free ruminants, the presence of ciliate protozoa results in a more stable ruminal fermentation, higher levels of ammonia, reduced numbers of bacteria, as well as changes in dry matter (%), liquid volume and turnover rate of ruminal contents. Associated with these differences in the rumen are higher ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter and fiber in faunated animals. A reduction in net microbial synthesis and an increase in dietary protein degradation in the rumen results in the flow of protein to the small intestine being lower in faunated ruminants. The major nutritional effect of the ciliate protozoa is to change the ratio of protein to energy in the nutrients absorbed, with faunated animals having lower protein and higher energy availabilities compared with ciliate-free ruminants. Of the nutrients available for absorption, the ciliates have no consistent effect on the proportions of volatile fatty acids or amino acids. However, there is evidence that hydrogenation of lipids is increased, as is the supply of choline, and that the bioavailability of copper is reduced by the presence of ciliates. Defaunation of young growing ruminants that are fed high energy diets, containing low levels of ruminal nondegradable protein, results in increased growth rate and feed efficiency. It is unlikely, with the possible exception of wool growth, that there are other situations in which defaunation will be beneficial; and it is more likely to be detrimental to animal productivity. It remains to be determined whether manipulation of the types of ciliate protozoa in the rumen could improve animal performance. Information for this review was largely derived from comparisons of faunated and fauna-free animals. However, it is indicated that there are large differences in protozoa numbers and types between naturally faunated individuals in the same flock or herd, and that the effects of such variations on their host's nutrition are unknown.  相似文献   

5.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of α‐cyclodextrin‐allyl isothiocyanate (CD‐AI) on ruminal microbial methane production and rumen fermentation of corn starch, soluble potato starch or hay plus concentrate (1.5:1) by mixed rumen microorganisms. Diluted rumen fluid (30 mL) was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 and 24 h with or without CD‐AI (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/L). The pH of the medium was unchanged by CD‐AI in all substrates. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased and propionate was increased with a corresponding decrease in acetate : propionate ratio (P < 0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and butyrate were increased (P < 0.05). Ammonia‐N was decreased (P < 0.05). Except with soluble potato starch, numbers of protozoa were unchanged after 6 h. As concentration of CD‐AI increased from 0 to 3.2 g/L, fermentation of corn starch, soluble potato starch and hay plus concentrate resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) methane production of 49–100% (6 h) and 14–100% (24 h); 39–100% (6 h) and 16–100% (24 h); and 45–100% (6 h) and 17–100% (24 h), respectively. When hay plus concentrate was used as substrate, methanogenic bacteria were decreased (P < 0.05) with 0.8 g/L of CD‐AI after 6 h. Excluding the lower dose level (0.4 g/L) of CD‐AI, digestibility of neutral detergent fiber of hay plus concentrate was decreased (P < 0.05) after 24 h. A suitable level of CD‐AI could therefore be used as a supplement to inhibit methane production and improve rumen fermentation without detrimental effects on fiber digestion.  相似文献   

6.
本试验旨在研究海南霉素对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵模式及甲烷产量的影响。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管、体况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验分为3期,每期15 d,试验设负对照组(不添加任何添加剂)、正对照组(添加10 mg/kg莫能菌素)和海南霉素组(添加7.2 mg/kg海南霉素)。结果表明:饲粮中添加海南霉素后,除在采食后2 h显著提高奶牛瘤胃内pH(P<0.05)外,其他时间均无显著影响(P>0.05);采食后0、2、8和10 h,海南霉素组氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度均显著低于负对照组(P<0.05),而采食后6 h,海南霉素有抑制NH3-N释放的趋势(P=0.06);采食后0、2、4和6 h,海南霉素组乙酸浓度及乙酸与丙酸的比值与负对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),丙酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸和丁酸浓度没有显著变化(P>0.05)。海南霉素显著抑制了瘤胃甲烷的产生(P=0.02),海南霉素组的奶牛甲烷呼出量为216.50 L/d,比负对照组降低了14.03%。由此得出结论:饲粮中添加海南霉素可以改变奶牛瘤胃的发酵类型,使其更趋向于丙酸型发酵,并显著降低动物的甲烷呼出量。  相似文献   

7.
This study investigates the effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. meal supplementation on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production by using an in vitro gas technique. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) and the dietary treatments were T. chebula supplementation at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg with 0.5 g of roughage and concentrate ratio at 60:40. The results revealed that cumulative gas production (96 h of incubation) were higher (P < 0.01) with T. chebula supplementation at 12, 16 and 20 mg than other treatments. However, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). The NH3‐N concentrations tended to quadratically increase with increasing levels of T. chebula in the diet. In addition, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate concentrations were increased (P < 0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio, CH4 production and protozoal populations were decreased (P < 0.01) when supplemented with T. chebula at 8, 12 and 16 mg, respectively. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of T. chebula at 12 mg could improve rumen fermentation by reducing CH4 production and protozoa populations, thus improving in vitro gas production and VFA profiles.  相似文献   

8.
Three sheep, each fitted with a ruminal cannula and duodenal re-entrant cannulae were given three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets in a Latin Square design. Each diet contained approximately 60% DM as barley grain and 40% of total N as either white fish meal, soya-bean meal or urea. These diets were fed continuously and supplied about 28 g N/day. Diets containing such large amounts of barley grain usually produce wide variations in the rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions and these have been correlated with various other digestive characteristics. Several ruminal and duodenal components were measured in this study and interrelationships between them sought. The molar proportions of VFA varied widely from 45-67% for acetate, 13-48% for propionate and 7-23% for butyrate. Rumen pH was positively correlated with acetate (P less than 0.01), but negatively so with propionate (P less than 0.01) and butyrate (P less than 0.1). The numbers of rumen ciliate protozoa also varied widely and were related to rumen pH (P less than 0.05) and VFA proportions; positively to acetate (P less than 0.001) and butyrate (P less than 0.01) but negatively to propionate (P less than 0.001). Duodenal N was always less than fed N. The mean composition of this duodenal N was 10.1% ammonia-N, 6.7% RNA-N, 79.0% amino acid-N and 7.3% was unaccounted for. Efficiencies of synthesis of microbial and bacterial crude protein (derived from 35S and 2,6-diaminopimelic acid data) ranged from 10.5 to 42.2 g microbial N per kg apparently digested organic matter (ADOM) and 5.0 to 27.9 g bacterial N per kg ADOM. Division of VFA patterns into either propionate or butyrate type fermentations suggested several further interrelationships. No relationship was established between these fermentation patterns and the extent or efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis. Possible interrelationships between different digestive characteristics are discussed and a plea made for both more extensive and intensive experimentation before such designation of cause and effect can be assigned.  相似文献   

9.
本试验研究了日粮中不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物（NDF/NFC）水平对周岁后荷斯坦奶牛生产性能、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特征及甲烷产量的影响，并在此基础上建立了甲烷排放预测模型，旨在获得我国生产模型下的甲烷排放规律和甲烷转化因子，为提高奶牛能量利用效率、建立国家或区域性温室气体排放清单和探索减排策略提供科学依据和支撑。将45头体况良好，平均为15月龄的荷斯坦后备奶牛随机分为3组，每组15头牛：低日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.60）、中日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.75）和高日粮NDF/NFC组（NDF/NFC=0.90），试验期为70 d，包括14 d的预饲期和56 d的正试期。结果表明：1）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著降低了奶牛的干物质采食量、有机物采食量、平均日增重、干物质和粗蛋白的表观消化率（P<0.05）；2）提高日粮NDF/NFC水平显著增加了瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸产量、乙酸的相对含量和乙酸/丙酸比例（P<0.05），显著降低了丙酸的相对含量（P<0.05）；3）随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的提高，瘤胃甲烷和甲烷能产量、甲烷/代谢体重、甲烷/干物质采食量、甲烷/有机物采食量、甲烷/中性洗涤纤维采食量显著提高（P<0.05）。甲烷转化因子也随着日粮NDF/NFC水平的增加而显著提高（P<0.05）；4）基于体重、采食量、营养物质含量和NDF/NFC分别建立了甲烷预测模型，其中基于干物质采食量和中性洗涤纤维采食量建立的预测模型的决定系数最高（R2=0.77）。因此，提高日粮中NDF/NFC水平可显著降低周岁后荷斯坦奶牛的生产性能、营养物质消化率和瘤胃内丙酸的相对含量，可显著提高瘤胃甲烷产量和甲烷转化因子。  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nisin and monensin on rumen fermentation of diets containing hay and barley (80:20%) in artificial rumen (Rusitec system). The Rusitec system consisted of four fermentation vessels (V1, V2, V3, V4): V1 was without additives (control), V2 received daily 2 mg of nisin, V3 involved 5 mg of monensin and V4 combination of 2 mg of nisin with 5 mg of monensin. After an adaptation period (7 days), the fermentation parameters were determined for six consecutive days. Compared to control diet, the addition of nisin resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) of hemicellulose degradation, acetate, propionate (mmol.day-1) production and energetic efficiency of VFA (E), decrease of butyrate production. Nisin had no effect on dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), cellulose and detergent fiber degradation, production of total gas, methane and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The addition of monensin resulted in an decrease of DM, OM (P < 0.05), cellulose, hemicellulose, detergent fiber degradation (P < 0.001), total gas, methane and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) production. Monensin also significantly decreased acetate, butyrate, L-lactate (mmol.day-1) production and it increased propionate production (P > 0.001) and efficiency of microbial synthesis. The combined effect of nisin and monensin in V4 was similar to the effect of monensin in V3 compared to control. Then, the effect of additive monensin was dominant over nisin. In conclusion, our results indicate that nisin was less effective than monensin on some fermentation parameters (important for the improvement of the efficiency of utilization of the diet by ruminants) in artificial rumen.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (Amaferm) on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of coastal bermudagrass, soluble starch and amino acids. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media for either 24 h (Amaferm alone, soluble starch, amino acids) or 48 h (bermudagrass). Amaferm was added to the incubation bottles (n = 4) at concentrations of 0, .4 or 1.0 g/liter. When mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated with only Amaferm, the 1.0 g/liter concentration increased the production of hydrogen (H2; P less than .001), methane (CH4; P less than .01), acetate (P less than .05), butyrate (P less than .01), total VFA (P less than .05) and NH3 (P less than .05). Addition of both levels of Amaferm to soluble-starch fermentations tended to enhance the production of H2 (P less than .11), CH4 (P less than .15), acetate (P less than .29) and total VFA (P less than .19); propionate production was increased (P less than .10) by 1.0 g/liter Amaferm, resulting in a decrease (P less than .05) in the acetate:propionate ratio. Fermentation of amino acids plus 1.0 g/liter Amaferm enhanced the production of acetate (P less than .05), propionate (P less than .05), valerate (P less than .01) and total VFA (P less than .10) and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P less than .05). In addition, NH3 production tended (P less than .19) to increase with both levels of Amaferm. When bermudagrass was the substrate, few changes in fermentation products were observed with Amaferm treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to understand the effects of fumarate addition on methane (CH4) and VFA production in the rumen through a meta-analysis of its effects on ruminal batch cultures. Because the reduction of fumarate to succinate can draw electrons away from ruminal methanogenesis, fumarate has been studied as a potential feed additive to decrease CH4 production in ruminants. The average decrease in CH4 in batch cultures was of 0.037 micromol/micromol of added fumarate, which is considerably lower than 0.25 micromol/micromol, the decrease predicted from the stoichiometry of the reactions involved. One reason that fumarate was not effective at decreasing CH4 in batch cultures was that only an average of 48% of added fumarate appeared to be converted to propionate. Secondly, the incorporation of reducing equivalents in the conversion of fumarate to propionate was almost entirely offset by their release from an average of 20% of added fumarate that appeared to be converted to acetate. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the conversion of added fumarate to both propionate and acetate was feasible. Fumarate appears to be more effective in decreasing CH4 production and increasing propionate in continuous culture than in batch culture. This suggests that microbial adaptation to fumarate metabolism can be important. Variation in populations of fumarate-reducers, methanogens, and protozoa could all be involved. Fumarate supplementation for an extended period may result in the amplification of otherwise small populations of fumarate-reducers. Addition of some of these organisms may be helpful to improve fumarate conversion to propionate. Strategies based on enhancing the rumen's capacity to convert fumarate to propionate by maintaining a low fumarate concentration have been effective. Thermodynamic considerations should be taken into account when designing strategies for CH4 abatement through the addition of external electron acceptors.  相似文献   

13.
An in vitro wheat fermentation study (Exp. 1) was conducted to investigate the effect of pH (pH 7, 6, 5 and 4) on rumen lactate and VFA production. In another study (Exp. 2), lambs were fed high concentrate diets containing either no additions (control), 2% sodium bentonite, 2% limestone, 2% NaHCO3 or 10% alfalfa hay. The effect of these diets was determined on ruminal and systemic measurements before and after dietary adaptation. Effect of the control, bentonite, limestone and NaHCO3 treatments on nutrient digestibilities and mineral retentions after adaptation were also determined. Lactate production in the rumen fluid incubated at pH 7 or 6 was negligible. Reducing incubation pH from 6 to 5 resulted in accumulation of both total and L(+)-lactate, but further reduction to pH 4 did not result in an additional increase in lactate production. Variations in incubation pH or time did not affect the ratio of D to L isomers. Lowering the incubation pH to below 6 reduced total VFA production and increased the acetate to propionate ratio. In Exp. 2, the feeding of buffers or alfalfa hay was effective in maintaining a more normal feed intake and ruminal pH, and reduced ruminal lactate. Blood measurements were not affected by dietary treatment. When animals were adapted to the experimental diets, the dietary buffers did not influence rumen and blood measurements. Lambs fed 2% NaHCO3 digested more (P less than .05) organic matter, crude protein, N-free extract and starch, and 2% limestone increased (P less than .05) fiber digestibility. Dietary buffers tended to increase fecal pH and reduce fecal starch Magnesium retention with 2% bentonite, Ca retention with 2% limestone and Na and Mg retention with NaHCO3 were all increased (P less than .05).  相似文献   

14.
To investigate the impact of rumen microbial sequestration of VFA carbon on estimates of acetate availability based on intraruminal infusion of [2-(13)C] acetate, three nonlactating or low-yielding dairy cows were continuously intraruminally infused with [2-(13)C]acetate for 26 h. The 13C content of ruminal VFA, duodenal carbon, and fatty acids (FA) and AA isolated from liquid-associated ruminal microbes and duodenal DM was measured by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer interfaced to an elemental analyzer or a gas-liquid chromatograph. The ruminal gross production of acetate was 38 +/- 4 mol/d and could account for about 38% of the DE intake. Of the intraruminally infused 13C in [2-(13)C]acetate, 7.6 +/- 0.9% was recovered at the duodenum. The 13C content of ruminal propionate, butyrate, and valerate increased (P < 0.05) with intraruminal infusion of [2-(13)C]acetate. It was estimated that about 28% of the 13C intraruminally infused in [2-(13)C]acetate could be accounted for by duodenal 13C flow and absorption of non-acetate VFA. A number of FA isolated from liquid-associated ruminal microbes (C6, C12, C14, anteiso C15, and iso C15) were enriched with 13C (P < 0.05) at a level comparable to the enrichment of ruminal butyrate. Any absorption of these FA from the rumen would further contribute to non-acetate 13C uptake. A maximum of 72% of the ruminal gross production of acetate represented acetate absorption from the rumen in the present study. Consequently, previously used models using intraruminal isotope dilution techniques seem not to be appropriate for measuring acetate availability in ruminants. The number of metabolites exchanging carbon with acetate was found to be so high that assessments of the entire range of inter conversions seem to be practically impossible. Portal absorption studies are discussed as an alternative method of estimating VFA availability to the metabolism in ruminants.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of vitamin E on pH value, total protozoa counts, volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia nitrogen and lactate levels were examined using an in vitro ruminal incubation system. The ruminal fluid (100 ml) of the first and second group was supplemented with 0.4 mg or 0.8 mg of vitamin E, respectively. Samples were taken immediately before and following 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of incubation at 39 degrees C and analysed for the total protozoa counts, the pH and the levels of ammonia nitrogen, lactate and VFA. Levels of propionate at 24 h and ammonia nitrogen at 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group than in the control. In contrast, the levels of butyrate at 6, 12 and 24 h and lactate at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in the second group than in the control. Propionate at 24 h, acetate levels at 6, 12 and 24 hand ammonia nitrogen levels at 6, 12 and 24 h and total rumen protozoa counts at 6, 12 and 24 h were significantly higher in the second group as compared with control. In contrary, butyrate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h, lactate levels at 6, 12 and 24 h were lower in second group than in control. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups in the pH values. In conclusion, the addition of vitamin E to in vitro ruminal fluid was found to increase the concentrations of acetate and propionate, total counts of protozoa, levels of ammonia nitrogen, but to decrease the butyrate and lactate levels of the ruminal aliquots in in vitro ruminal fermentation.  相似文献   

16.
A quantitative meta-analysis was applied on 90 publications and 169 comparisons dealing with defaunation of the rumen (removal of protozoa from the rumen) in order to point out the major quantitative effects of defaunation and identify interfering factors. Generally speaking defaunation significantly (P<0.01) increased average daily gain (11% on average, 64 trials) but did not affect dry matter intake. As a consequence, defaunation improved feed conversion efficiency (P<0.05). These different effects were especially obvious as diets were both high in forage and low in nitrogen and as animals had a low growth potential. Defaunation significantly (P<0.001) decreased organic matter digestibility (−1.7 units, 52 trials) and cell wall carbohydrate digestibility (−5.7 units, 15 trials). The same trend was observed for rumen digestibility. On the other hand, duodenal nitrogen flow, expressed as a ratio of nitrogen intake, was enhanced by defaunation (P<0.001). Duodenal microbial nitrogen flow, expressed as the percentage of live-weight, increased by 21% after defaunation (P<0.05). The latter two results may account for the lower ammonia concentration in the rumen (−50.3 mgNNH3/l, 75 trials) and the higher microbial synthesis efficiency (11.8 g microbial N/kg OMDr 19 trials) observed for the ciliate-free animals (P<0.001). The level of concentrate in the diet strongly interfered with the effect of defaunation on the pH in the rumen. pH in the rumen was increased by defaunation with diets containing a high level of concentrate (PCO≥50%), whereas it decreased with diets containing a low level of concentrate. The molar proportion of propionic acid was enhanced by defaunation, whereas the molar proportion of butyric acid was lowered (P<0.01) by defaunation, in the ruminal pool of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Finally, defaunation increased the ruminal volume and the liquid phase outflow rate (P<0.05), but to a lesser extent. We consider that these results strongly suggest a more efficient use of nutrients in ciliate-free animals, especially when they are given poor diets limiting animal production.  相似文献   

17.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary roughage concentration and feed intake on finishing steer performance and ruminal metabolism. In Exp. 1, 126 steers (334 kg) were used in a completely randomized design and fed (120 d) diets of steam-rolled wheat without roughage or containing 5, 10 or 15% roughage (50% alfalfa hay:50% corn silage). Steers fed 5 or 10% roughage gained faster (quadratic, P less than .05) and were more efficient (quadratic, P less than .05) than steers fed 15% or no roughage. In Exp. 2, six ruminally cannulated steers (447 kg) were used in a 6 x 6 latin square design and fed (twice daily) diets of steam-rolled wheat without roughage or containing 5 or 15% alfalfa hay at twice or three times NE required for maintenance. Increasing dietary roughage increased (linear, P less than .01) ruminal liquid passage 38%, indigestible ADF passage 63%, Yb-labeled wheat passage 75% and fiber fill 31%. The rate of in situ starch digestion tended to increase (linear, P = .16), and ruminal VFA concentration was 40 mM higher (P less than .01) at 4 h after feeding with increased roughage. Increased feed intake increased (P less than .05) ruminal starch fill, fiber fill, liquid fill and liquid passage 23%, Yb-labeled wheat passage 50% and Dry-labeled hay passage 20%. It reduced protozoa five- to sixfold (P less than .01) but doubled total bacterial counts (P less than .01). Ruminal NH3N was lower (P less than .01) and total VFA concentration was 50 mM higher (P less than .01) at 4 h after feeding. The acetate:propionate ratio was reduced from 2.3 to 1.3 (P less than .01) with increased intake. Adding roughage to a steam-rolled wheat diet increased passage and tended to increase rate of starch digestion; increased feed intake with its associated effects on ruminal fill and passage dramatically shifted the microbial population and fermentation end products.  相似文献   

18.
绵羊日粮中不同碳水化合物比例对瘤胃内环境参数的影响   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  
本研究以18只安装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊作为试验动物 ,研究了绵羊日粮中6个不同结构性碳水化合物(SC)与非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)比例(3.52、3.32、2.86、2.64、2.40和1.88)对绵羊瘤胃内环境参数随时间的动态变化的影响。结果表明 ,绵羊日粮中一定范围内的SC :NSC比例对瘤胃内 pH和NH3-N浓度的影响不显著 ,但会改变瘤胃内VFA的摩尔比例。若适度提高丙酸浓度 ,调控瘤胃发酵模式 ,可达到提高纤维物质利用率的目的。  相似文献   

19.
作者综述了2009年在ADSA-ASAS大会和CNKI、PubMed等数据库中外源添加剂(离子载体、酶制剂、植物提取物、饲用微生物)对瘤胃发酵调控的相关文献39篇。离子载体如莫能菌素主要通过促进瘤胃丙酸的产生,抑制生物氢化菌,促进长链脂肪酸在瘤胃内发生不完全氢化等瘤胃调控作用,从而缓解反刍动物的能量负平衡,减少甲烷排放,降低乳中脂肪含量。酶制剂(包括纤溶酶和淀粉酶等)在饲喂前加入日粮中能够免受瘤胃蛋白酶的降解,并保持酶活性,促进饲料的消化。植物提取物中皂角甙通过抑制原虫生长降低甲烷的排放,动物长期采食富含单宁的植物可产生单宁耐受菌,并且单宁的植物提取物可影响瘤胃的生物氢化作用,植物精油对瘤胃的调控作用包括减少淀粉和蛋白的降解,以及通过对某种瘤胃微生物的选择性作用抑制氨氮的降解。饲用微生物(主要有酵母菌、乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌等)能增加营养物质消化率,改变瘤胃发酵模式,增加瘤胃微生物菌群,但其益生效果与泌乳阶段、日粮类型、环境条件有关。  相似文献   

20.
Effects of the presence or absence of ciliate protozoa on methanogenesis in the rumen and hindgut were investigated in young calves during a 7-week period. Ten Holstein calves, aged 7 days, were divided in two groups (n = 5) and fed an increasing amount of a commercial milk replacer and small amounts of a calves starter. One group was inoculated with ciliate fauna on two occasions, week 5 and 6, while the second remained ciliate-free. The absence of protozoa in the rumen decreased rumen empty weight (-23%, P < 0.01), and rumen pool size of N (-36%, P < 0.01) and crude fat (-37%, P < 0.05). Rumen bacteria of non-faunated calves contained a higher proportion of total amino acid-N per 16 g N (+3%, P < 0.01) and D-alanine-N per 16 g N (+13%, P < 0.05) compared to faunated calves. Further results contain a reference for a higher bacterial mass in the ciliate-free rumen with an increased number of bacteria adherent to rumen mucosa. The CH4 production in the rumen increased exponentially with the increase in protozoa population size (R2 = 0.68). In presence of 46 x 10(4) protozoa per ml rumen fluid, the in vitro CH4 production of rumen fluid per mol total VFA was about 34% higher in faunated than in non-faunated calves (P < 0.001). Hydrogen (2H) recovery of rumen fermentation was positively correlated (R2 = 0.55) to the CH4 production rate. Methanogens were attached on rumen mucosa. Methanogenesis, induced by rumen mucosa attached bacteria, was stimulated by ruminal protozoa. In the absence of protozoa in the rumen, the acetate-propionate ratio and butyrate proportion of VFA were reduced. In vivo, in the absence of protozoa not only the whole animal CH4 production (-30%, P < 0.05) but also the digestibility of carbohydrates (-4%, P < 0.05) was reduced. Thereby no difference was observed in the intake of ME per kg DM between the groups. In conclusion, the methanogenesis in the rumen, but not in hindgut, is associated with the development of the ruminal protozoa population. The level of methanogenesis (mol/mol VFA) in the hindgut amounts to 20% of the ruminal methanogenesis.  相似文献   

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